整体论观照下的《文心雕龙》英译研究

【作者】 钟明国；

【导师】 崔永禄；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 整体论是一个重要的哲学范畴,其理论要旨在于强调事物的整体性及事物内在系统性和协调性。《文心雕龙》的文学批评理论构建渗透了中国古典哲学的精髓,也暗合了西方哲学的整体论精神,其理论属性和理论内核都具有整体论特征。在《文心雕龙》文学批评理论体系中,哲学整体论具体化为对文学作品整体性的强调,以及对文学作品的内容与形式这两大要素相互协调、相互依存关系的彰显。作为中国古典文论的杰出典范,《文心雕龙》文学批评理论的现代阐释及利用却十分少见,而新批评、神话原型、解构主义等许多现当代西方文论却多已成为翻译研究借鉴和利用的理论资源,成为翻译研究拓宽视野、丰富内容的重要途径。因此,梳理《文心雕龙》整体观的理论资源并用之于翻译研究,既是出于《文心雕龙》理论体系现代阐释的必要,也是使这一文论体系的理论价值得以利用的必要。本论文按照三个主要步骤进行。第一个步骤是“理论解读”。无论是哲学整体论,还是文学批评整体论,其理论形态都十分多样:不同时期、不同流派的西方整体论的理论重点各不相同,中国传统的整体论与西方整体论也略有区别,文学批评整体论则是哲学整体论在文学批评领域中的具体化。本文在系统梳理整体论多种形态的基础上,着力透过整体论的多种形态,挖掘其最具利用价值、最根本的理论精神。文章首先扼要分析了《文心雕龙》文学批评理论体系的整体论特征,并由这一特征的理论来源入手,系统梳理了中西哲学整体论和文学批评整体论的理论内涵,重点分析了西方哲学整体论所包含的构造论、本原论、预设论、共相论、浑一论、动力论等六种形态、当代整体论对古代整体论的继承与发展,以及中国古代整体论与西方整体论的共性,并结合近代机械论对整体论的批评,从正反两面揭示整体论的理论特征和理论诉求。对于各种形式的整体论而言,对事物整体性及事物内部因素相互依存、相互协调的关系的强调既是贯串始终的理论主张,也是整体论相对于机械论的区别性特征。与此同时,中西文学批评从一开始就受到了哲学整体论的影响。就中国传统文学批评而言,从先秦时期直到近代,对文学作品整体性的关注、对言意协调关系的强调一直都是文学批评的基本原则。就西方文学批评而言,对文学作品内部要素和谐关系的彰显始于亚里士多德的戏剧批评,在贺拉斯、布瓦洛、黑格尔等古典主义批评家那里得到继承,一直延续到新批评、神话原型批评、结构主义批评等当代文学批评理论之中。《文心雕龙》文学批评体系既承袭了中国古典哲学的整体论思维,又在文学批评中将整体论具体化,形成其自成体系的文学批评整体观,主要体现在两个层面:其一,文学作品的艺术价值首先在于文学作品的整体性;其二,文学作品内部的形式与内容两大要素既要以内容为本,又要注重形式与内容的有机配合。在充分梳理哲学及文学批评整体论以及《文心雕龙》自身的整体观的基础上,论者论证了翻译研究借鉴整体论的可能性及具体途径;这一步骤包含了针对多种翻译研究范式的理论反思和借鉴整体论进行翻译批评的可行性论证。哲学整体论强调事物整体性和事物内部因素之间的协调性,文学批评整体论既体现了哲学整体论的理论精神,又具体强调文学作品的整体价值与文学作品内部因素的协调性;《文心雕龙》整体观在强调文学作品整体价值的基础上,将文学作品内部因素具体化为形式与内容,并进一步彰显形式与内容的协调性。这种对文学作品整体性的肯定,尤其是对文学作品形式与内容两大要素之间协调性的强调,正好契合了形式与内容相互关系这一翻译研究的基本命题。多种翻译研究范式所关注的焦点实际上都是形式与内容的关系:中国传统直译论强调译语文本贴近源语文本的形式因素;意译论将文学作品的“神”作为文学翻译的首要目标,而相对忽略形式因素。在西方译论中,以追求同一性为理论目标的译论或强调译语文本在形式上贴近源语文本,或要求改变源语文本形式,贴近目的语的语言规范;前者带有明显的形式化倾向,后者则更多体现了对源语文本形式因素的忽略。以追求差异性为理论目标的译论强调语言形式与政治和意识形态的紧密联系,将源语文本形式因素标举为种族身份或文化身份的载体,因而带有突出的形式化倾向。在这些翻译研究范式中,形式与内容的关系在很大程度上处于对立状态;这种对立的存在,使意译论导致翻译的“透明化”和译者及源语文化身份的“隐形”,最终使翻译沦为文化殖民和文化霸权的工具,也使直译论难以兼顾译语文化的接受,降低了直译论实现其理论目的的可能性。在对翻译研究倾向性的整体论反思之后,本文进一步提出了在翻译批评中借鉴整体论的可能途径。整体论对事物整体性及内部要素之间关系的强调,《文心雕龙》文学批评体系对内容与形式协调关系的彰显,至少可以给我们提供两个方面的启示:其一,源语文本总体思想在翻译中具有不容忽视的重要性。形式与内容二元对立的译论对源语文本思想的忽视,是翻译无法实现在目的语中再现源语文化身份的重要原因。只有将源语文本的整体思想作为翻译的目的,才能使翻译真正成为构建源语文化身份的手段。其二,源语文本的语言形式及表现手段具有不可忽视的重要性,但形式的存在需要以内容的传递为前提。形式与内容是彼此联系、相互依存的;内容必须以特定形式来承载,形式的存在必须以与内容的协调性为前提。只有实现源语文本形式因素的有限存在,才能使翻译真正成为源语文化身份构建的手段。随后,本研究进入第三步,对促成《文心雕龙》英译及其研究现状的文本因素与非文本因素进行了分析,并以翻译目的和译本倾向为主要依据,将现有《文心雕龙》英译分为“现代阐释型”和“研究型”两大类,并以整体论为理论来源,从翻译目的、翻译策略、译本倾向等视角深入分析了现有《文心雕龙》的多种译本。现代阐释型英译倾向于以现代文论术语、叙述体系及风格对源语文本的古典文论体系作出阐释,明确宣称面向汉学研究专业领域之外的普通读者,彰显了译文叙述的现代性、流畅性和可读性,而研究型英译以专业学者为预期读者,着力追索原文的思想内涵及其哲学及文论来源,试图再现源语文本思想的原貌,不追求译文流畅性和可读性。本文分析显示,现代阐释型英译的翻译目的与翻译策略之间存在着突出的矛盾,忽略了源语文本的思想原旨,而研究型英译则停留于对源语文本的研究,忽略了《文心雕龙》思想体系的内在逻辑性,未能真正实现研究的目的。现有《文心雕龙》英译既给后来的典籍英译留下了一些可供借鉴之处,也留下了反思的空间。将整体论引入翻译研究,并进一步对《文心雕龙》英译进行分析,可以得到两点启发:其一,只有重视源语文本思想整体性,保留源语文本有意义的形式,才足以使翻译传递源语文化的原旨,实现翻译的文化目的,才能使典籍英译实现其文化使命。因此,源语文本的思想整体性和有意义的文本因素的保留是典籍英译不可忽视的要素。其二,翻译研究和典籍翻译研究既要关注翻译的微观语言策略,也要将民族身份和文化态度纳入研究视野,透析微观语言策略与民族身份和文化态度之间的联系,才能构建与源语文化身份塑造相符合的翻译评价体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Holism is a primary philosophical conception that foregrounds the integrity and inherent systematicness of the object to be perceived, and emphasizes the mutual compatibility between the constituents of the object, a conception that characterizes the literary theory constructed in Wenxin Diaolong, a monumental literary critic masterpiece created by Liu Xie of China during the 6^th century, and is taken as the basic theoretical conception of the work itself. Philosophical holism is crystalized in Wenxin Diaolong as to be accentuating the integrity of a literary piece as an organic whole, as well as the compatibility between literary formal elements and contents. Wenxin Diaolong has long been revered as the apotheosis of the traditional Chinese literary criticism, whereas its theory has scarcely been exploited and absorbed even in the most likely areas, while new criticism, mythological archetype, receptional aethetics, deconstructionism and many other western literary critic theories have been exploited in translation study, and taken as important means to widen the horizon and diversify the methodology of researches in the field. The interpretation of the theory proposed in Wenxin Diaolong and its exploitation in translation study, therefore, is a must of the modern decoding of theory, and a possible approach to utilize it as well.This dissertation makes a research that consists of three successive phases. The first phase is devoted to "theory decoding", in which a synchronic survey is made on the diversified theoretical statements of holism both in the field of philosophy and of literary criticism, as to the focus of different holistic approaches emerging in the western philosophical history, the divergence between western and Chinese versions of holism, and to the holistic views in the field of literary criticism, on the basis of which a specific analysis is allocated to the search of the basic theoretical concepts from the diversity of holistic statements.This dissertation starts with analysis of the holistic thinking characterizing the literary critic theory proposed in Wenxin Diaolong, and then of the origin of holism in western and Chinese philosophy, with special focus on the origin theory, constructionism, dynamism, etc. and the succession and development of modern holism on the basis of its traditional antecedents, and then to reveal the essence and basic appeals of different approaches of holism, which is best summarized into emphasis on the integrity and interior compatibility of the components of the object. Meanwhile, literary criticism has from its start been influenced by philosophical holism, which is especially the reality of the traditional Chinese literary criticism, traited by holistic thinking from its earliest stage in Qin Dynasty, with an emphasis on the wholeness and integrity of literary pieces, and the compatibility between literary form and content. The western critic tradition has also been characterized by holistic thinking from Aristotle to some of the contemporary critic theories. The critic theory proposed in Wenxin Diaolong is a succession and a crystalization of philosophical holism, and thus develops its own holistic approach, represented by focus on the wholeness of literary creation as the origin of literary aesthetic value, as well as the compatibility between literary forms and content, with content as the primary element.The successive phase of the dissertation is devoted to a reflection of a variety of theoretical paradigms in translation study. The emphasis of philosophical holistic approach on the integrity and intrinsic compatibility of the object and focus on the compatibility between literary form and content tallies with the relationship between form and content in translation study, and a variety of translation theoretical paradigms take the relationship as their basic problematic to be discussed: the traditional Chinese literal approach lays stress on maintenance of the formal elements of the source text, while the liberal approach on the transmigration of the "soul" of the source text in the translation process. The western translation approaches can be either identicalness-oriented or discrimination-oriented: the former laying emphasis on the identicalness of the target text to the source text or ad verse, while the latter on the peculiarity of the source text. The literal approach is inclined to the formal elements, while the liberal approach to the content; the identicalness-oriented approach can be either inclined to form or to content, while the discrimination-oriented approach to form. In these two approaches, one polarity is always overvalued while the other always ignored, with or without deliberation, thus the two polarities are held antagonistic, as a result of which the literal approach induces the invisibility of the translator, translation and source culture, and to kidnap translation as a tool of cultural colonization and hegemony, and the liberal approach to reduce the receptibility of translation in the target culture. After the holistic reflection, the dissertation moves into an argument of the feasibility and methodology of the application of holistic approach to the study of translation. The holistic emphasis on the integrity and compatibility of the elements in a literary piece is at least enlightening in two dimensions in translation study concerning the relationship between form and content, the first being that the transmission of integrity of the thought constructed in the source text is to be maximized, otherwise the cultural purpose of the translation could by no means be realized; the second being that the desirable formal elements of the source text have to be reserved in translation, on condition that these elements are beneficial to the maintenance of the integrity of the source-text thought.The third phase of the research is first allocated to an analysis of the double-fold inadequacy of the English translation of Wenxin Diaoling and of the research of the translation. Here the Wenxin Diaolong translations are categorized into interpretation-oriented and research-oriented translations by their respective translation purposes and stylistic inclination. Holistic approach is applied here to the analysis of the two categories of Wenxin Diaolong translations, concerning the purposes, discursive strategies, text inclinations of the translations. The interpretation-oriented translations are intended to decode the classic critic theory of Wenxin Diaolong into current western literary critic terminologies and discourse for the benefit of readers out of the sinological circle, while the research-oriented translations to represent the quondam of the Wenxin Diaolong critic theory, thus professional scholars are taken as the intended readers. However, the research of this dissertation brings the fact to light that the research-oriented translations are crippled with an omission of the original thought, which in turn induces a contradiction between their discursive strategies and translation purposes, and the research-oriented translations are preoccupied by the search of the original meaning of the quotations pervading the source text from Chinese classics of philosophy, history and literary critic works, and thus flawed with an omission of the intrinsic logic of the thought conceived in Wenxin Diaolong. The two categories of Wenxin Diaolong translations, therefore, are found missing their purposes, thus further intensive researches are much expected, and reflection desired.After applying holism to translation study and the analysis of the Wenxin Diaolong translation, this dissertation makes two arguments: first, the maintenance of the integrity of the thought and the meaningful formal elements in source texts are essential to the construction of cultural identity of the source text, and thus are of vital importance for translation oriented to the realization of cultural representation, and this is especially true for translation of works with classic eminence; second, the study of translation of classic works is to focus on not only the discursive strategies applied, but their likely cultural effects backgrounded by cultural convection, to unveil the relationship between the discursive strategies and possible cultural effects, thus to formulate a translation critic theory desirable for the construction of genuine cultural identity of the source culture.更多还原