现代性批判的问题域

【作者】 郑飞；

【导师】 王南湜；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文围绕现代性批判的问题域,深入阐释了马克思与韦伯的现代性社会理论,并在此基础上对二者的思想进行了全面而系统地比较。本文将现代性批判确立为马克思与韦伯思想共同的问题域,充分利用马克思与韦伯各个时期的主要著作来把握其理论发展的逻辑线索,而不是依据某一时期的某种观点,或者是某一著作中的某一论断,力求实现一种总体性的比较研究,从而避免了以往研究的“零散”状态。本文认为,现代性批判的问题域包括存在论基础、意识形态批判、社会关系层面的“物化”、生产过程层面的“物化”四大问题,马克思与韦伯的比较研究也由此来展开。马克思把现代性现象视为社会存在与社会意识的统一,揭示出现代性的存在论基础。在他看来,物质资料生产方式是人类社会存在和发展的基础,历史唯物主义原理是适用于任何时代的一般性原则,政治经济学批判则是对现代性的特殊说明。意识形态不过是现代性社会存在的“观念副本”,历史唯物主义通过对意识形态本质的揭示表明了意识形态的虚假性,政治经济学批判则分析了现代拜物教意识的根源。马克思从社会关系本体论出发,把现代性理解为一种社会关系,其“物化”批判主要围绕现代性社会关系批判展开,这一过程伴随着从“异化”到“物化”的逻辑转换,其理论内核表现为一种现代性的辩证法,这构成其现代性批判最深刻的哲学规定性。马克思不但肯定了技术在现代性的生成过程中起到决定性作用,更是把技术视为超越现代性的手段,但也意识到现代技术对人的损害,并试图通过生产一技术的内在超越来克服现代性的局限。本文提出,韦伯以文化论与制度论相统一的立场来考察现代性现象,在他那里,无论是现代社会生活的诸领域系统,还是物质生产因素和精神文化因素都具有同等重要的地位,不存在决定关系。更为重要的是,无论是对现代性制度的考察,还是文化的考察,韦伯的现代性研究都贯穿着合理化这一思想主线,合理化是其分析经济社会学、政治社会学和宗教社会学的基本维度,形式合理性和实质合理性的矛盾构成其社会批判的基本架构。韦伯把现代技术的本质判定为一种形式合理性,虽然价值中立原则使他没有展开对现代技术的批判,但他对现代性后果的忧虑已经包含了技术批判的主要因素。马克思与韦伯思想的比较研究,不仅是理解现代社会理论的基础,也是理清西方马克思主义哲学逻辑脉络的关键,更是我们深入反思现代社会生活的有效途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation centers upon the question domain of modernity criticism, thoroughly explaining the sociological theories of Karl Marx and Weber and making a systematic comparison between their theories.Attempting to make an overall study rather than repeating the previous partial investigations, this dissertation takes modernity criticism as the common question domain of Karl Marx’s and Weber’s theories, and it makes full use of their major works in every period instead of a certain idea in one period or a certain conclusion in one work to find the logic clue to their theoretical development, The author argues that the question domain of modernity criticism includes four questions: ontological foundation; ideological criticism; reification of social relationship; reification of production process.A comparatives study is conducted between Marx and Weber accordingly. Marx regards modernity as the unification of social existence and social ideology and reveals the ontological foundation of modernity.In Marx’s view, the production mode of material goods is the basis of existence and development of human society, hence he explains social life materialistically. His critique of modernity starts along the approach of political economics critique.Ideology is the mere conceptual copy of modernity’s social existence and historical materialism proves the falsity of ideology through revealing its essence. Political economics critique analyzes the origin of modern fetishism. Marx approaches the question of modernity from the ontology of social relation and considers modernity as a social relationship. The criticism of modernity’s social relation is the focus of his criticism of reification, the process of which involves the logical transformation from alienation to reification. The theoretical core of Marx’s critique of reification represents itself as the dialectics of modernity which constitutes the most profound philosophical prescriptive quality of his critique of modernity. Marx not only affirms the decisive role of technology in the production process of modernity, but also regards technology as a means that transcends modernity, and realizes the harm it does to humanity at the same time. Marx tries to transcend the limitation of modernity through the internal transcendence within production technology.Weber approaches the phenomena of modernity by unifying culture and system. He believes that all fields in modern life, material production factors and spiritual cultural factors are of the same importance. One does not determine the other.Whether concerning the system investigation or culture investigation of modernity, Weber’s study of modernity follows the idea of rationalization which is the basic dimension in the analyses of political sociology, political economics and religious sociology. The conflict between formal rationality and substantive rationality constitutes the basic framework of his social criticism.Weber defines the essence of modern technology as a formal rationality. Although the principle of value neutrality prevents him from further criticizing modern technology, his worries over the consequences of modernity have already contained the major factors of technical criticism. The comparison between Marx and Weber is not only the basis for our understanding of modern social theories, but also the key to the understanding of the logic process of western Marxist philosophy. More importantly, this comparison will offer us an effective means to reflect on modern life.更多还原