朱希祖史学研究

【作者】 王爱卫；

【导师】 姜胜利；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 史学理论及史学史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 朱希祖是民国时期的著名史学家。其史学研究范围很广,成果也非常丰富,在许多领域居有开创之功。然而,由于朱希祖的著述大多未刊,相关研究极为少见,所以,其史学成就在中国近代史学史上存在着被淡化的趋向,一直未能占据本应属于自己的一席之地。本文以朱希祖史学作为研究对象。在广泛搜罗史料的基础上,考察朱希祖史学研究的社会背景、学术氛围、主要成果及特点等问题,揭示朱希祖史学对中国史学独立化、科学化所作的贡献,客观评价其地位和影响。朱希祖既拥有深厚的国学功底,又接受了西方先进的史学理论。作为章门弟子,他继承、发扬了章太炎的治学风格,注重考据训诂,以严谨见称。在蔡元培的举荐下,他主持北京大学史学系,倡导“新史学”、实施课程改革,有力地推动了历史学学科的独立和中国史学的转型。在史学史研究方面,朱希祖最早开设了“史学史”课程。其讲稿即后来出版的《中国史学通论》,是目前所知的最早的史学史讲义。他运用西方“新史学”理论,对中国古代史学进行了系统的反思,在实际上开创了中国“史学史”学科。朱希祖两次参与史馆修史,在清史馆和国史馆都为史书的编纂拟定了体例,并提出了积极可行的建议,在一定程度上起到了发凡起例的作用。在历史文献研究方面,朱希祖搜集和整理了大量的南明史料,力图撰写一部南明史,但未成功。对明清档案的发掘与利用,也探索出不少行之有效的办法,为保存和整理明清档案立下了汗马功劳。他还考证和辑补了《伪齐录》和《伪楚录》,揭露日寇侵华、汉奸卖国的罪行,使史学研究服务于国家和社会。他的方志研究起步较早,见解精辟。尤其在参与编纂《广东通志》期间,提出了新的方志体例及撰写细则,阐发了其方志学思想。对边疆史地的研究视野开阔,涉及内容广泛,既反映了其史学研究考证求实的功力,又凸显了经世致用的精神。在全面探讨朱希祖史学成果的基础上,本文又从宏观的角度,理清了其历史观发展、演变的脉络。由于清末民国时期,中国社会性质发生巨大变化,中西史学交融,许多史家受到西学冲击而接受进化史观。朱希祖也曾一再追问历史是什没么,但最终没有对历史与史学做出严格的区分。1919年,他从退化史观转变为进化史观,接着,又接受综合史观,强调“群众心理”是推动社会进步的力量源泉。抗战时期,受时局影响,他的历史观又与文化形态史观接近。朱希祖的史学思想内涵丰富。他倡导建立“科学的史学”,认为客观的治史态度、严格的治史规范、求真的治史宗旨是必须具备的条件。同时,又强调史学研究之目的在于“指挥人事”,要关注现实,面向未来,以满足社会发展的需要。随着中外学术交流的日益频繁,他还萌生了加强学术合作、保持学术独立的思想。朱希祖的史学方法也颇具特色。他继承了乾嘉学派的考据传统,也接受了西方实证主义的史学理论。考察他对各种治史方法的认识和运用,吸取其精华,以促进我们今后的史学研究。朱希祖对中国近代史学发展的贡献不可磨灭,其史学研究对于我们全面认识民国时期的社会变革和史学转型具有重要意义。朱希祖在中国史学史上的地位不容忽视。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhu Xizu was a famous historian in the period of the Republic of China. His study of history covered a wide range with rich achievement and made pioneering contributions in many domains of study. However, as most of Zhu Xizu’s writings were not publicized, the related research was extremely rare. As a result, his achievement in historical study tended to be downplayed and had not found its deserved position in the Chinese modern historiography. Based on the wide collection of historical data, this dissertation studies several issues concerning Zhu Xizu’s historical study including his contemporary social background and academic atmosphere, his main achievement and characteristics of his study etc. And on the basis of the aforementioned study, this paper further demonstrates Zhu Xizu’s contribution to the independent and scientific study of Chinese historiography and makes objective comment on the status and influence of his study.Zhu Xizu not only had profound knowledge of Chinese cultural heritage, but also accepted the Western advanced theory of historical studies. As a disciple of Zhang Taiyan, he inherited and developed Zhang’s research style, emphasizing textual criticism and exegesis, renowned for his preciseness. With Cai Yuanpei’s recommendation, Zhu was appointed the head of History Department of Peking University. During his tenure, he initiated "the new history study", implemented curriculum reform, forcefully pushing forward the independence of history discipline and the transformation of Chinese history study.In terms of historiography, Zhu Xizu was the first to offer the course of historiography. His lecture notes for this course were edited into a book, and that is A General Survey of Chinese Historiography publicized later, which was the earliest known collection of historical lecture notes today. Borrowing the new theory of Western historiography, he made systematic reflection on the historiography in ancient China. Actually, he established the discipline of Chinese Historiography. Zhu Xizu had twice participated in the history compiling of National History Archives, establishing the style and rules for historical books compiling in Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. He also proposed feasible suggestions, which played an exemplary role to some extent.In terms of historical document research, Zhu Xizu collected and reorganized massive historical data on Southern Ming Dynasty, trying hard to compose a history of Southern Ming Dynasty but not succeeding. Nonetheless, his exploration and utilization of the files of the Ming and Qing Dynasties as well as some effective means he found to do the above work made great contributions to the preservation and reorganization of the files in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He also did work to verify the information in False Qi Dynasty History and False Chu Dynasty History and exposed the Japanese invaders’ monstrous crime in China and the traitors’ flagrant misdeed, guiding the history studies to serve the nation and the society.Zhu Xizu was one of the earliest to start local chronicle research and had penetrating view on it. In particular, when he participated in the compiling of the Guangdong History Record, he put forward new writing rules and styles for local chronicles and expounded his thought on local chronicles. His wide vision in the study of border area history and rich content of his research not only reflected his strength in verifying the documents and searching for the truth in history study, but also embodied his intention of putting the theory into the practice of governing the country.Based on the full discussion of Zhu Xizu’s achievement in history studies, this dissertation further combs up the evolvement of his view on history in the macroscopic perspective. Due to the enormous changes of the society in China at the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of Republic of China, the history studies in China and Western countries began to blend, and thus many historians were impacted by western studies and accepted the history view of evolvement. Zhu Xizu also asked himself all the time what history meant, but in the end failed to make any strict divide between history and historiography. In 1919, he changed his historical view of retrogression to the view of evolvement, and later with accepting the comprehensive historical view, he stressed that the mentality of the people was the impetus of the social progress. During the period of resisting the Japanese invasion, influenced by his contemporary situation, his view on history steered to get close to the cultural view of history.Zhu Xizu’s thought on historiography was quite rich. He advocated the establishment of "scientific historiography", insisting that objective attitude, strict rules and truth-seeking spirit were the requirement of history studies. Meanwhile, he also emphasized that the purpose of history studies was to guide the people’s act, thus the study should be concerned with the reality and oriented to future so as to meet the demands of social development. With the increasingly frequent academic exchanges between China and the Western countries, the idea of strengthening academic cooperation while keeping independent of our academics was germinated in his mind.Zhu Xizu’s approaches in studying history were also unique. While inheriting the textual criticism tradition of QianJia School, he also accepted the historical theory of the Western positivism. It is of great help to promote our historical studies in future to review Zhu Xizu’s opinion and exertion to the approaches of history studies and borrow the quintessence in our studies.Zhu Xizu’s contribution to the modern history studies in China was immortal, and his studies of history were of great significance for us to understand the social transformation in the period of the Republic of China and historiographic transformation. Therefore, Zhu Xizu must deserve his corresponding status in the history of Chinese Historiography.更多还原