社会问题报道与受众心理引导研究

【作者】 荣荣；

【导师】 乐国安；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 社会心理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文从心理学和传播学交叉研究的角度,分析社会问题报道对受众心理影响。其中隐含了这样的假设,即媒介对社会问题的关注,不仅能对政府决策能力实行有效的舆论监督,而且可以帮助受众构筑社会认知全景,形成社会认同,然而对于舆论总量的把握不得当也容易引起认知偏差。本文的目的,在于通过调查研究的方法,了解我国社会问题报道中存在的问题,分析社会问题报道对受众心理产生的影响,并研究社会问题报道对受众心理引导的策略。根据社会建构论和议程设置理论,本文提出研究假设,即受众对社会问题报道的态度形成取决于个人因素、媒介使用行为以及对媒介议题的认知程度。本文选取大学生就业问题作为研究社会问题报道的突破口,主要依托在天津市开展的两项调查。其一是大学生对媒介报道的态度调查,该调查方式包括对天津市八所高校647名大学生的问卷调查,以及对115名应届毕业生、3名学生家长和两位往届毕业生的访谈;其二是对天津市具有代表性和影响力的四份主流报纸进行内容分析,对该问题报道的意义构建及存在问题进行分析和评价。本文研究利用了问卷调查和内容分析的数据资料。本文主体内容包括三个部分:1、大学生就业作为“社会问题”的框架报道分析。选取天津市的四份主要报纸:《天津日报》、《今晚报》、《每日新报》、《城市快报》,调查并分析了这些报纸的报道主题、报道体裁、新闻来源、报道视角、对就业大学生形象构建,以及对就业大学生的立场态度,认为我国的社会问题报道存在如下问题:受众地位仍然被动;舆论总量不足,消极报道比重偏大;报道接近性差;话语方式不得当。2、就业问题报道对大学生心理影响的实证研究。抽取天津八所高校647名大学生进行问卷调查,使用自编《大学生对就业问题报道态度调查问卷》为调查工具,从大学生媒介使用行为、议题认知和对报道态度三个层面展开调查。得出的总体结论是,受众个人因素和媒介使用行为对其形成媒介态度有重要影响,而议题认知程度则对态度形成作用有限,部分印证了研究假设。同时,研究发现,社会问题报道在形成社会认知,增强社会认同感方面具有积极作用,但是报道中消极比重偏大增加了受众的逆反情绪和心理压力。3、社会问题报道过程中的受众心理引导策略分析。结合前面的研究,本文认为,我国的社会问题报道主要存在以下问题:其一,报道结构失衡;其二,对社会问题认识“不到位”、缺乏预警能力;其三,先入之见影响解释公正性,话语官方化影响受众接受心理。针对媒介作为,本文提出如下策略,(1)充分满足知情权——回归受众主体性,建构社会认知全景,满足公众对社会环境了解的需求;(2)营造公共空间——增强受众心理宽容度,为公众创造良好的公共氛围与意见表达的平台;(3)媒介话语公正性——有效防范社会偏见,实现各个利益群体的媒介接近权;(4)报道中的适度原则——增强社会认同,达成社会共识:主要包括时机把握和适度诠释两层涵义;(5)贯彻人文关怀——增进社会情感,促进社会和谐:在操作层面上主要包含两个方面:第一,贴近民生,关注民意;第二,对社会问题中存在的弱势群体、边缘群体予以深切的同情和帮助。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis analyzes the impacts of social problems report on audience psychology from the aspect of interdisciplinary between sociology and psychology. An implicit assumption in this thesis is that the media attention to social issues is not only essentially a valid Opinion Supervision on the decision-making ability of the government, but a useful approach for audience to build social cognitive view and form social identification, however, the unreasonable controlling the amount of public opinion may also lead to cognitive bias.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the existing problems during the process of social problems report in China by survey methods, meanwhile, the impacts of social problems report on audience psychology is analyzed and the guiding strategies of report on social problems to the audience psychology is studied in this thesis. According to Social Constructivism and Agenda-Setting theory, this thesis presents the assumption that the forming of audience’s attitude towards social problems report depends on their individual factors, their behavior of media utilizing and their cognitive situation about media topics.This thesis selects the problem of undergraduate employment as the breakthrough to report on social problems, which is based on two investigations carried out in Tianjin. One is the attitude of undergraduate towards the media report. The investigation includes questionnaire investigations on 647 students of 8 Universities in Tianjin, and interviews with 115 graduates, 3 parents of undergraduate and 2 previous graduates. The other is the content analysis of the most four representative and influential mainstream print media in Tianjin, at the same time, the thesis makes a overall analysis and evaluation of significance construction and existing problems of the research topic. This thesis also uses the questionnaire survey and content analysis data.The main contents of this thesis consist of three parts:1.The undergraduate employment problem is analyzed as a "social problem". 4 mainstream print medias of Tianjin is selected for this analysis, namely, Tianjin Daily, JINWAN BAO, MEIRIXIN BAO and City Express, the survey analyzes the subject of these newspaper report, report genres, news sources, report perspective, image constructing of undergraduate, and the attitude of undergraduate towards employment. This thesis concludes that there also exist some problems about social problems report: the audience’s passive position, insufficient amount of report and large proportion of negative report, poor proximity with real situation, and unsuitable discourse ways.2.The empirical study of the psychological impact of undergraduate on employment is made. A total 647 undergraduates from 8 universities in Tianjin are selected to conduct the questionnaire survey, we use the "investigation questionnaire of the attitude of undergraduate to employment reports" designed by ourselves as the investigation tool, this investigation is implemented from three different levels including the audience’s individual factors, their behavior of media utilizing and their cognitive situation about media topics. It can be concluded that the audience’s individual factors and their behavior of media utilizing have significant influence on forming their attitude towards media, while their cognitive situation about media topics has limited effect with their attitude forming, which is partially proved the assumptions. At the same time, the study discovers that social problem report play an active role in the aspects of forming social cognition and enhancing social identity, but more negative reports will lead to the audience’s reverse emotion and psychological stress.3.The guiding strategies of social problems report to the audience psychology are also analyzed. Combined with previous research, this thesis believes that the social problems report in our country have the following main problems: first, the report’s structure is imbalance; Second, the recognition on the social problems is not very clear and the reports are lack of previous warning capabilities; Third, the previous opinion leads to unfair interpretation and official style report greatly influences the audience psychology. Aiming at the media behavior, this thesis proposes the following strategies, (1) Sufficiently satisfying the right to know--returning to the main audience, and building social cognitive view: Construction of social cognition for the public view, to satisfy the public’s understanding of the needs of the social environment. (2) Creating a public space ~ enhancing social and psychological tolerance: creating a good atmosphere with a public platform for expression their opinions for the public. (3) The fairness of media discourse ~ effectively preventing the social bias,, implementing the right of access to media for various interest groups, reflecting the care for every human being and each group. (4) Appropriate principle in media reporting—enhancing social cognition, reaching consensus in the community: which includes two aspects of meanings, one is opportunity seizing, and another one is moderate interpretation. (5) Executing with humane care ~ enhancing social emotions, promoting social harmony: it has two aspects of meanings. First, being close to the people’s daily life and concerning about public opinion. Second, the vulnerable groups and marginalized groups existing in the social problems should be provided sympathy and help.更多还原