中国小额保险发展研究

【作者】 张兴；

【导师】 江生忠；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 保险学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 自1978年我国实行改革开放政策以来,党和政府着力保障和改善民生,农民生活水平有了很大提高。然而,我国农村的改革和发展正面临新的难题,“三农”问题面临新的严峻形势。粮食主产区和多数农户收入持续徘徊甚至减收,城乡居民收入差距在一度缩小后又进一步扩大。世界银行报告指出:“收入不平等现象在中国显著上升,中国已不是四分之一世纪前那个不平等程度很低的国家。城乡收入差距扩大,城乡内部的不平等现象也在上升。”“三农”问题是在我国市场经济快速发展过程中出现的,解决“三农”问题不能脱离市场经济发展的客观规律,需要运用多种手段,采取综合措施,完善“三农”风险管理制度是其中的重要方面。保险是最重要的市场化风险管理方式,在现代经济发展中扮演着重要的角色。中共中央在新世纪连续出台的六个指导“三农”工作的“一号文件”中,对于加强用保险的方式来解决“三农”问题,给予了越来越多的重视,涉及“三农”保险的政策要点也逐年增加。作为现代金融体系三大支柱之一的保险业如何顺应这种发展需要,充分发挥保险的功能作用,支持、服务和保障“三农”的发展是个亟待解决的重要课题。虽然保险是“三农”风险管理的重要方式,然而由于我国农民收入普遍较低,在现有的商业保险模式下,保险不能发挥应有的作用。小额保险是主要针对低收入人群提供的保险服务,具有保障适度、保费低廉、保单通俗、核保理赔简单等特点,是小额金融的重要组成部分,也是一种有效的金融扶贫手段。小额保险的出现可以从一定程度上解决“三农”保险供求中存在的供求失衡问题。发展小额保险对于有效服务“三农”、完善农村金融和农村社会保障体系,扩大保险覆盖面具有十分重要的意义。经过多年的探索和实践,中国小额保险业务已初具规模。小额保险在经济社会发展过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,因此对小额保险进行研究有深远的现实意义。本文以我国“三农”问题的根源和解决方式入手,分析了当前情况下“三农”问题解决的新思路,即以市场化的风险管理方式——保险来完善和健全“三农”风险管理制度,并提出小额保险恰好契合了“三农”风险管理制度完善和农民保险购买力要求。随后,提出了本文要解决的三个问题,一是小额保险发展的必要性,二是小额保险发展的可行性,三是小额保险发展的策略。前面两个问题的解决需要借助理论和实证两种分析方法,第三个问题的解决是依据小额保险的制度安排方式。在必要性分析方面,首先对“三农”风险及其危害进行了分析,利用古典经济学论述保险购买能够满足人们的效用最大化,利用新制度经济学理论来分析制度变迁中制度安排的缺失,同时以问卷调查结果进行佐证分析。在可行性分析方面,利用古典经济学分析农民借款(储蓄)无约束情况下足额购买保险,利用新制度经济学分析小额保险契合农村制度变迁的需求,辅以印度等国家的国际经验来分析我国发展小额保险的可行性问题。在理论分析的基础上,分析得出小额保险的制度安排,由此得出小额保险发展的策略。本文共有七章,具体章节安排如下:第一章导论部分分为三节。第一节介绍了研究的背景,研究的意义和研究的问题。其中研究的背景和研究的意义又分别从理论和实践两个方面来阐述。第二节介绍了本文的研究方法、研究的思路以及本文的创新与不足。第三节主要是对小额保险相关研究的文献综述。第二章小额保险与三农风险部分分为两节。第一节对小额保险的基本情况进行了描述,包括小额保险的涵义、体系、基本特征、保障对象和经营模式等内容。第二节“三农”风险分析首先按照财产风险和人身风险将“三农”面临的风险进行了详细阐述,继而讨论了“三农”风险的危害及对“三农”问题的影响。第三章小额保险的经济学分析部分分为三节。第一节从古典经济学效用理论出发对小额保险的需求、多风险下的保险需求、借款约束下贫困家庭保险需求的效用进行了分析。第二节按照新制度经济学的理论对农村改革制度变迁中风险管理制度的缺失,小额保险制度安排中的交易费用、产权,最后对小额保险安排符合“三农”风险管理制度变迁的市场化趋势进行了讨论。第三节对小额保险的其他相关理论进行了讨论,分别是需求层次理论、农村贫困和反贫困理论和金字塔理论。第四章中国小额保险发展的实证分析分为三节。第一节将针对小额保险需求在河北做的问卷调查进行了讨论,并用logistic回归方法对影响农民保险需求的因素进行了分析。第二节利用扩展线性支出系统方法对农民的基本生活支出进行了测算,继而估计了农民人均保险支付能力。第三节对我国小额保险发展的现状进行了概括性描述。第五章小额保险的国际经验分为四节。第一节比较分析了国外小额保险产品的情况;第二节对国外小额保险经营机构进行了比较分析;第三节对小额保险的运营方式进行了分析;第四节对国外小额保险监管经验进行了分析。第六章我国小额保险制度安排设计分为两节。第一节利用新制度经济学的理论对我国小额保险制度安排进行了理论上的分析,分别从交易费用、外部性、产权理论角度分析了小额保险制度安排中必须考虑的问题。第二节对我国小额保险的制度安排进行了初步设计。第七章我国小额保险发展策略部分分为三节。第一节对小额保险发展的市场策略进行了分析,第二节对小额保险发展的产品策略进行了分析,第三节对小额保险发展的监管策略进行了分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since 1978,China’s reform and opening-up policy has put into practice.The party and government strive to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood.The living standard of farmers has been also greatly improved.However,the reform and development of Chinese rural are faced with new challenges."Issues Concerning Agriculture,Countryside and Farmers"("Issues Concerning ACF") is faced with a new crisis.The income of major grain-producing areas and most farmers continues to waver and even to reduce.The income gap between urban and rural residents was to reduce for a time and then to expand further.The report of World Bank pointed out: "Income inequality increased significantly in China,China is not the country that national inequality was in low level a quarter of a century ago.The Urban-rural income gap and also inequality within urban and rural areas are all rising."Issues Concerning ACF" occured in the rapid development of China’s market economy process,and the issues’ solving can not deviate from the the objective laws or principle of market economic’development.It needs to use a variety of means and take comprehensive measures to solve "Issues Concerning Agriculture,Countryside and Farmers".Risk management system is one of the important aspects to solving the issues.Insurance is the most important market-based risk management approach and plays an important role in today’s economic development.In the new century,the CPC Central Committee put out six consecutive documents,named No one Document,to supervise the work of solving "Issues Concerning ACF".In the documents,Cpc Central Committee pay more and more attention to solving "Issues Concerning ACF" by insurance.In the key points of the policy,"Agriculture, Countryside and Farmers"(ACF) insurance appears increased year by year.As one of three pillars of the modern financial system,it is an important issue to be settled urgently that insurance fullly plays its function to meet the development needs and give supports,services and protections to the development of ACF.Although being one of the most important ACF risk management methods, insurance can not play its due role in the existing mode of commercial insurance because of most farmers’ low income.Microinsurance is a product that providing mainly to low-income people.It has some characteristics such as appropriate guarantee,cheap premium,popular policies,simple and convenient underwriting and claim,and so on.Microinsurance is an important component of microfinance and an effective financial means of helping the poor.The microinsurance can partly solve the imbalance between supply and demand of ACF insurance.It is significant to develop microinsurance in servicing ACF effectively,improving the rural finance and rural social security system,expanding insurance coverage.After several years of exploration and practice,microinsurance business in China has begun to take shape. Microinsurance plays an increasingly important role in the process of economic and social development.Thus it has far-reaching practical significance to study microinsurance.In this paper,begining with the root and solution approach of "Issues Concerning ACF" in China,Ⅰanalyse new solving ideas for the issues in the current circumstances.That is,utilizing insurance,market-based risk management approache, perfect and improve ACF risk management systems.Ⅰalso put forward that microinsurance just fits to perfecting ACF risk management risk management systems and the farmers’ insurance purchasing power.Subsequently,the paper put forward three issues to be resolved.The first issue is the necessity of the development of microinsurance.The second issue is the feasibility of the microinsurance development.The third issue is the strategy of microinsurance development.The first two problems require theoretical and empirical analysis methods.To solving the third problem is based on the microinsurance system arrangement.In the necessity of the microinsurance development,first of all,Ⅰanalyse the risk of ACF and its hazard.By using of classical economics,Ⅰdiscuss that the purchase of insurance could meet the people’s utility maximization.By New Institutional Economics,Ⅰanalyze the lack of institution arrangements in the institution changes.At the same time,the analysis is supported by survey results.In the feasibility analysis part,by using classical economic the paper conclude that the farmers would buy full of insurance under no borrowing(savings) constraints.By virtue of New Institutional Economics,Ⅰanalyze that microinsurance fits the needs of rural institutional change.Also,the paper analyzes the feasibility of microinsurance in our country with the international experience such as India and other countries.On the base of theoretical analysis,Ⅰanalyze the arrangements of microinsurance institution and deduce the strategy for the development of microinsurance.There are total of seven chapters in this paper,the specific sections as follows:The first chapter is introduction and divided into three sections.SectionⅠdescribes background,significance and issues of the study.The sections of background and significance are expatiated by means of theory and practice.SectionⅡdescribes research methods,research ideas,as well as innovation and the lack of of this paper.SectionⅢis mainly related to the research literature review of microinsurance.ChapterⅡis divided into two parts:microinsurance and ACF risk.SectionⅠilluminate the basic situation of microinsurance,including the meaning,systems, basic features,protection,business model and so on.SectionⅡdescribes ACF risk in detail as person and property risk.ThenⅠdiscuss the harm of ACF risk and its influence to "Issues Concerning ACF".ChapterⅢis economic analysis of microinsurance and divided into three parts. In virtue of utility theory of classical economics,SectionⅠanalyses the demand of microinsurance,the demand of multi-risk insurance,insurance demand’s utility of poor families under the borrowing constraints.In accordance with the theory of New Institutional Economics,SectionⅡanalyse the lack of risk management insititution in rural reform,Transaction Costs and Property Rights of microinsurance institutional arrangements.At last,SectionⅡdiscusses that microinsurance arrangements will be in line with market trend of ACF risk management institution’s changes.The other relevant theories of microinsurance are discussed in SectionⅢ,such as the hierarchy of need theory,rural poverty and anti-poverty theory and the Bottom of Pyramid theory.ChapterⅣis about empirical analysis of microinsurance’s development in China and divided into three sections.In SectionⅠ,Ⅰdiscuss questionnaire survey about the demand for microinsurance in Hebei.Ⅰalso analyse the influence factors of farmers’ insurance demand by means of logistic regression.In sectionⅡ,Ⅰmeasure the basic living cost of farmers using the Extended Linear Expenditure System,and then estimated per capita insurance farmers’ capacity to pay.In sectionⅢthe paper describes the status quo of China’s microinsurance.In ChapterⅤ,the international experience of microinsurance is divided into four sections.SectionⅠdiscusses foreign microinsurance products by means of Comparative Analysis.SectionⅡdiscusses microinsurance organization abroad. SectionⅢanalyses the operations of microinsurance.SectionⅥanalyses the foreign regulatory experience of microinsurance.ChapterⅥis the design of China’s microinsurance institution arrangements and divided into two sections.SectionⅠanalyse theoretically institution of China’s microinsurance arrangements by means of New Institutional Economics theory.Ⅰtake Transaction Costs,Externalities,Property Rights theory analysis of the microinsurance arrangements into account respectively.SectionⅡdesigns our microinsurance institution arrangements preliminarily.The development strategy of China’s microinsurance is divided into three parts in ChapterⅦ.SectionⅠanalyses the market strategy of microinsurance development. SectionⅡanalyses the product strategy of microinsurance development.SectionⅢanalyses the regulatory strategy of microinsurance development.更多还原