美国对阿尔及利亚战争政策研究

【作者】 房建国；

【导师】 王晓德；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 阿尔及利亚战争是1954-1962年阿尔及利亚民族主义武装力量反对法国殖民统治、争取民族独立的战争。这场战争使阿尔及利亚在经历了130多年的法国殖民统治之后最终获得独立,也使法兰西殖民帝国在经历了痛苦的挣扎之后彻底崩溃。但是,阿尔及利亚战争并不仅仅是法国和阿尔及利亚之间的一场一般意义上的战争。首先,阿尔及利亚战争与当时的两个时代特征,即冷战和两极格局的延续和发展,以及第三世界的崛起和殖民主义的崩溃存在着密切而深刻的联系;其次,美国在这场战争中自始至终都起到了微妙但又极其重要的作用。因此阿尔及利亚战争不仅是战后国际关系史上的重要事件,也是研究冷战时期美国外交政策的一个极好的个案。阿尔及利亚战争期间,阿尔及利亚民族主义运动的领导力量——民族解放阵线在坚持武装斗争的同时,积极在国际舞台上展开各种外交活动,为阿尔及利亚的民族解放事业争取外援和支持,从而使阿尔及利亚战争从一开始就呈现出国际化的趋向。面对民族解放阵线对殖民统治的挑战,法国政府采取了镇压和安抚并举、但以镇压为主的政策,而由于法兰西第四共和国政体的孱弱和混乱,法国历届政府都无法解决阿尔及利亚问题。1958年第四共和国崩溃和第五共和国建立后,法国在戴高乐的领导下逐步采取开明的政策,最终于1962年允许阿尔及利亚独立,结束了这场长达七年的血腥战争。而美国在战争期间也根据形势的变化在不同阶段采取了不同的政策:从起初的“消极的中间偏右”到后来积极而主动地充当阿尔及利亚问题和平解决的催化剂。通过对美国的阿尔及利亚战争政策的研究可以得出以下结论:虽然苏联因素并没有直接介入阿尔及利亚战争,但“冷战思维”这一指导思想始终操纵着美国决策人在阿尔及利亚问题上的立场和态度。战后到20世纪60年代美国对非洲政策的实质,是在保持非洲大陆的稳定的基础上,力求英法等欧洲殖民国家能够维持其在非洲已独立国家和未独立殖民地的传统利益和势力范围,一来可以阻止苏联对非洲的渗透,二来确保非洲国家在意识形态上至少在东西方两大阵营之间保持中立。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Algerian War, also known as Algerian War of Independence, from November 1, 1954 to July 3, 1962, led to Algeria’s independence from France and ended more than 130 years of French colonial rule over Algeria and the French colonial empire itself. But the Algerian War was not simply a war between France and Algeria. Firstly, the Algerian War was closely related to the two characters of that time, i.e. the development of the Cold War and the rise of the Third World and the collapse of the colonialism. Secondly, though indirect and delicate, the character of the United States in the Algerian War was significant throughout the war. Above all, the Algerian War is not only an important event in the international history of the post-World War II, but also a very good case in the study of the US foreign policy of the Cold War.During the war, the National Liberation Front (Front de Liberation Nationale, FLN), founded in 1954, created the National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale, ALN) to engage in armed struggle against French authority, and at the same time actively launched diplomatic offensives on the international arena to win over other countries, especially the Asian and African countries, to support and reinforce the national movement of the Algerian people. The French government, facing the challenge of the FLN, worked along both of repressing and appeasing, but gave priority to the former. Because of the instability of the French Fourth Republic, all of the French governments between 1954 and 1958 had no ability to solve the Algerian problem. After the breakdown of the Fourth Republic and the foundation of the Fifth, the French government, under General De Gaulle, gradually changed the Fourth Republic’s fault and began to adopt free policies to Algeria, which finally brought independence to Algeria in 1962 and ended the Algerian War. According to the changing of the situation of the Algerian War and the Cold War, however, the United States showed different positions in different eras: first the policy of "middle-of-the-road but a little to right", and then actively and initiatively serving as catalyst to the finding of the solution to the Algerian problem. Though the study of the US’s policy towards the Algerian War we could conclude that although the Soviet elements did not directly intervene into the war, the position of the policy makers of the United States were guided by the Cold War mentality during the Algerian War. The substance of the US foreign policy towards Africa before the 1960s was to keep the continent steady and to make sure that the European colonial power, such as France and Great Britain, could maintain their influence in the colonies and the countries which had been free from their dominion. The purpose of this kind of policy was to prevent the Soviet Union from penetrating Africa and at least to remain neutral between the two Blocs in the Cold War.更多还原