现代性视域中的牟宗三哲学

【作者】 卢兴；

【导师】 李翔海；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文着眼于“现代性”的视域对牟宗三哲学思想予以全面考察,展现牟氏哲学与“现代性”之间的复杂关系,以此透显出“现代性”问题在中国语境中的复杂性,进一步通过考察牟宗三对这一问题的思考和解决方式,揭示其思想的积极贡献与内在问题以及对于“中国现代性”建构的启示。第一章梳理了“现代性”的概念起源、基本特征及其在西方与中国不同语境中的发展演变。本文坚持“多元现代性”的观念,考察了“现代性”的普遍内涵与特殊文化语境之间的辩证关系。由于“现代性”首先发源于西方文化,因此西方现代性具有典范意义,其在历史发展中产生了巨大的成就,同时也出现了深刻的问题。相比而言,“中国现代性”具有后发性的特征,因此更为复杂地表现为文化上的“时代性诉求”与“民族性认同”之间的错综交织。第二章从文化层面揭示牟宗三的“现代”意识,在总体上把握其对于“现代性”的基本立场。牟宗三对“现代”有切身的感受,体现出鲜明的现代性意识,在“普遍”与“特殊”的哲理思辨中对“现代性”予以定位,并积极探索中国文化传统与现代性之间的内在关系;同时牟氏基于文化保守主义立场,与西方现代性保持着相当的张力,表现为他对西方文化的“判教”和对“现代化”的限定。第三章从哲学理念的层面审视牟宗三哲学的现代性特征。牟宗三在阐发儒家传统的基础上,借鉴了康德、黑格尔哲学的概念和框架,在“人格主体性”、“世界统一性”和“历史目的性”三方面消化了现代性精神,体现了其会通中西、双向诠释的思想特征。在“人格主体性”方面;牟氏融会中西方哲学传统中的主体性精神,突出了道德主体“即内在即超越”的特征;在“世界统一性”方面,他在继承传统儒家整体主义世界观的同时,包容了现代性所带来的世界分化并力图以辩证的方式重建新的世界统一性;在“历史目的性”方面,他将现代性的进步观念引入了儒家历史哲学,形成了一种“道德—历史目的论”,以精神发展的合目的性论证现代性实现的历史必然性。第四章考察以上哲学理念的具体展开,展现牟宗三哲学与“现代性”之间的双向互动。一方面,牟宗三以“良知”为中心,吸收了现代性的基本哲学理念,展开了儒家哲学体系的现代重建;另一方面,他立足于儒家的价值观念,从“工具合理性”、“道德形式主义”和“政治自由主义”等方面对西方现代性展开了深入的批判,指出“中国现代性”可能超越西方现代性的现有形态而为其补偏救弊。第五章在“多元现代性”的视野中对牟宗三哲学予以总体评价,并探析其对于中国哲学现代建构的启示与意义。牟宗三以哲学的方式探索“中国现代性”合理形态,突显了中国文化的民族性特质,这一思想具有积极的意义,同时也存在着深刻的问题。牟氏哲学的根本意义在于:突显了中国哲学传统中的“灵性主义”特质,事实上展现了“哲学”的多元形态,以此挺立起中国哲学的主体性,对“中国现代性”的建构具有借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis focuses on Mou Tzung-san’s philosophy in the horizon of Modernity, intends to reveal the complicated relation between Mou’s philosophy and the Modernity. To face this complex question of modernity in Chinese context, it studies Mou Tzung-san’s way of thinking, tries to find out its contributions and inner disadvantages, and on the foundation of all these works, rethinks the possible solution of the construction of "Chinese modernity".Chapter I arranges the origin of the concept "Modernity", its basic characteristics and the development of it in western contexts as well as in native China. We examine the dialectic relation between the universal essence of Modernity and particular cultural contexts, insisting on the idea of "Multiple modernities". As the Modernity paradigm origins from western culture, the Western modernity has a typical meaning, the development of it shows huge achievements, and reveals deep problems as well. Comparative to this, the "Chinese modernity" has the characteristic of backwardness, and as a result expresses the interlacement of "epoch request" and "national identity" in the culture.Chapter II reveals Mou’s basic concerning of Modernity in the aspect of culture. With the true feeling of "Modem times", Mou Tzung-san shows distinct consciousness of Modernity, deals it in the philosophical thought of "Universality" and "Particularity", and explores the inner relation between Modernity and Chinese cultural tradition. Standing on the point of cultural conservatism, Mou maintains considerable tension with Western modernity, which could be found out in his restrictions of "Modernization" and the theory of "Pan-Jiao" on western culture.Chapter III examines the characteristics of modernity in Mou’s philosophy from the aspect of philosophical ideas. With the illumination of Confucian tradition as a foundation, Mou Tzung-san admits the spirit of Modernity in three aspects as the "Subjectivity", "Unity of the world" and "Finality of history", which refers to the categories and structures from Kant’ and Hegel’s philosophy, and shows the characteristic of combining Chinese and Western thought. In the first aspect, he combines the spirits of subjectivity in Chinese and Western philosophy, emphasizing the characteristic of moral subject which is "immanent at the same time transcendent"; In the second aspect, he inherits the worldview of Holism while containing the differentiation from Modernity and trying to reconstruct the new unity of the world dialectically as well; In the third aspect, he draws the idea of evolution from Modernity into Confucian historical philosophy, builds the "Moral-historical teleology", proofing the historical necessity of realizing Modernity with the finality of the spirit’s development.Chapter IV inspects the specific theoretical steps realizing the ideas, to show the interaction between Mou’s philosophy and modernity. On one hand, Mou centers on "Innate conscience" and absorbs the basic philosophical ideas of Modernity, to reconstruct system of Confucian philosophy in modern society; On the other hand, he stands on Confucian value, deeply criticizes Western modernity from aspects of "instrumental rationality", "formalism in ethics" and "political liberalism", and points out the possibility of Chinese modernity’s transcending current west pattern and curing its shortcomings.Chapter V gives the overall valuation of Mou’s philosophy in the view of "Multiple modernities", and analyzes its enlightenments and significance to the construction of modern Chinese philosophy. Mou Tzung-san philosophically seeks the proper pattern of Chinese modernity, and emphasizes national character of Chinese culture. This way of thinking has positive significance, but also deep problems. The fundamental significance of Mou’s philosophy is: showing the characteristic of "Spiritualism" in Chinese philosophy distinctly, which in fact reveals multiple forms of philosophy, so as to establish the subjectivity of Chinese philosophy and provide positive enlightenments of the construction of Chinese modernity.更多还原