【作者】 张子云；

【导师】 刘启良；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 中国哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 和谐社会是全体人民的共同事业,是以共同事业为普遍中介的伦理共同体。和谐社会的伦理关系,是由和而不同与和则生物构成的一体二面的无支配关系。公民在和谐社会中享有平等的成员资格,对和谐社会之共同事业享有平等的“共有”、“共享”、“共治”权利。和谐社会建设需要政府发挥元治理的作用,实施“好的治理”,建立卓越的领导班子,培养卓越的领导干部队伍,创新领导干部选拔任用制度。公开选拔领导干部制度(简称“IPSLC”)适应了这一需要。公选公正的主题是公选制度,其实质是一种配置公正,而非分配公正和配给公正;其目的在于领导者个体善与领导集体善,并通过公选制度本身的公正与公选制度运行的公正两个层面实现。“公开环境”是公选公正的始点,是公选之前设定的一种“初始境况”,是一种“理性事实”。环境的公开程度与公选公正的实现程度成正比。公选公开环境是一道公开、实在、共同的“阳光之幕”。阳光之幕是根据判断领导干部与公选领导岗位相匹配的理由设计的,它包括双重规定:其一,与公选相关的信息完全公开;其二,公选过程有组织地开放。阳光之幕包括事情意义、规范意义、事态意义上的客观环境,包括参与公选领导干部、专职公选人员、监督公选的公众动机意义上的主观环境,比罗尔斯的正义环境更加复杂。公选公正的基本内容是环环相扣的四个环节的公正:资格公正、竞优公正、考核公正、匹配公正。资格公正以选拔标准为依据。资格公正也就是资格平等,是在公选领导岗位所要求的最低选拔标准面前的人人平等,体现了机会平等的公选理念,而非向才能开放的前途的平等。它承认并尊重资质差异,同时又为资质的展示提供了自由的空间。竞优公正在于选拔出领导能力出类拔萃的领导干部。竞优环节的公正表现为公平,不仅是在规则面前竞争的形式公平,尤其是在公选岗位所要求的领导素质上的实质公平。竞优公平具有工具论和本体论双重意义,从而在制度上预期公选竞优的公平。但由于竞优制度本身固有的局限性,它与竞优公平之间存在着内在的张力,需要考核公正来弥补。考核公正以群众公认为标准,不仅能够得到外部辩护,还能得到内部证明。群众评议应以客观事实为根据,对领导干部进行公道评议。群众评议因自身动机,容易导致集体行动的困境,需要优化群众评议的形式,强化单位对群众评议责任的承担。匹配公正应遵循各尽其能的社会主义核心价值原则,做到人岗合宜。对于优秀入围人选,亦应予以其应得补偿,实现领导人才资源的有效利用和合理配置。公选公正的四个环节贯穿着三大理念:复合平等、公选之善、公共理性。复合平等是公选公正作为配置公正的本质,具有历史性和非模式性的特点。复合平等意味着平等是公选各个环节共同的公正理念,但各个环节的公选公正又彼此相异。复合平等的根据不在公选制度之中,而存在于公选各个环节之中。公选公正的实现始终以公选善的理念为指导,并向着公选善的目标前行。公选善具有公共性、真理性和价值性的特性。公选以“真”为“善”,或公选善的公共性在于“真”。真理性是对公选善的具体规定,包括真实性、正当性和真诚性。真理性的公选善具有价值性,既是一种目的价值也是一种工具价值,能判别公选领导干部与公选领导岗位匹配的合宜性。公选求“真”实现公选公正的价值目标,是所有公民运用公共理性的结果。公选中的公共理性主要使用公共证明和公共证伪的形式,为公选之“真”做正面论证和反面辩护。但公共理性的功能是有限的,需要公共合理性进行补充。实现公选公正要求设计科学合理的制度。公选公正的制度不同于经验中的公选制度。公选公正的制度是一种共和结构,由专家、公民、专职公选部门、政治领导四大要素组成,体现着党管干部的原则和社会主义共和主义的精神,具有混合和均衡两大特征。公选公正的制度以民主商谈为主要活动模式。公选商谈分为实用商谈、伦理商谈和道德商谈三种类型,根据两种不同程序进行。公选商谈的理想环境,由商谈程序原则和商谈论辨原则规范建构而成。公选商谈的顺利进行,需要专家、公民、专职公选部门的人员和政治领导履行作为公民的义务;在公选过程中,这些公民义务主要包括勇猛精进、承诺于心和公于公选三个方面。公选公正的效应是公选公正制度运行效果的产物,包括公选公正的直接效应和公选公正的外溢效应。前者是相对于公选活动的效应,后者是相对于公选制度的效应。前者主要体现为领导岗位资源的配置。但公选制度是一种不完全程序公正,以致与公选公正形成张力。公选公正的直接效应的实现,关键是在公选的不完全程序中注入完全程序的因素,从而在公选制度与公选公正之间建立更具有因果性和必然性的关系。后者源于公选公正的溢出效应,即公选文化的发展和更高层次的潜在领导队伍的壮大。公选公正对公选对象的培育,将成为公选制度自我良性发展的不竭动力之源。只要公选制度从公选公正中获得持续创新的动力,只要公选制度从公选公正中获得共同治理的动力,我们就可以理性地预期,公选制度将成为我国干部选拔任用制度的主体,成为人类历史上科学先进的选拔任用制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The harmonious society is the common enterprise of all the people, the ethical community with the common enterprise as the universal medium. The ethical relationship of the harmonious society is in non-dominance with harmoniousness but difference and harmoniousness to bear things as both sides. Citizens enjoy equal membership in the harmonious society, and equal rights of common possession, sharing and governance to the common enterprise. Building up the harmonious society needs the government to play the role of meta-governance, perform good governance, build up outstanding leader groups, cultivate remarkable leader-cadre teams, innovate institutions of selecting and appointing leader cadres. The Institution of Public Selecting Leader Cadre(sIPSLC)adapts to these requirements. The theme of the IPSLC is its institution, whose essence is assigning justice but not allocating and distributing justice, whose aim is the goodness of leaders individual and collective and it is realized through the two-layer justice of the IPSLC itself and its running.The public environment is the beginning of public selection, the initial conditions set before public selection, and is also a rational fact. The more the environment is public, the more the public selection will realize justice. The public environment of public selection is a veil of sunshine in openness, reality and commonness, which is designed according to the reasons to judge the match between the leader cadre and the public selecting leader position. It includes two regulations: one is that all information relating to public selection is made public, the other is that the process of public selection is made public in organization. The sunshine veil includes the objective and subjective conditions, and the former consists of matter, regulation and situation of IPSLC, the later consists of intentions of the leader cadres participating in public selection, the vocational public selecting functionaries, the masses supervising public selection. So the public environment is more complicated than that of John Rawls.The basic contents of public selecting justice is four kinds of justice linking one by one, namely qualifying justice, contending justice, examining justice and matching justice. The qualifying justice is the equality in qualification and before the minimum selecting criteria for the public selecting leader position, and not careering equality opening to talents. It recognizes and respects differences in qualification, and supplies spaces for qualities to exhibit themselves freely. Contending justice means to select outstanding leader cadres. Contending justice emphasized the fairness of IPSLC which is not only in forms before contending regulations but in essence before the leader qualities the public selecting leader position requires. The contending justice has two meanings from methodology and teleology, and so expects fairness when contending excellence. But because of the inherent limitation of the contending system itself, it forms intrinsic intension with the contending justice, which needs to be made up by examining justice. Examining justice regards the mass general recognition as the standard, which can defend externally and justify internally. Based on objective facts, the mass valuation is the just appraisal to the leader cadres. The mass valuation is apt to result in collective dilemma for their own intentions, and need to better mass appraisal forms and strengthen the obligation of unit holding mass appraisal. The matching justice should follow the core value principle of socialism to match men and positions suitably. As to the excellent candidate, benefits should be made up to ensure the talented used effectively and assigned reasonably.Ideas of compound equality, goodness of public selection and public rationality, they three run through the fours links of public selection. Compound equality is the essence of public selecting justice being as an assigning justice, and has historical and non-modelling characteristics. Compound equality means that equality is the common idea of justice of all public selection links, and yet different from one another, its basis lies in each link of public selection but not the IPSLC. Public selecting justice is realized with the idea of public selecting goodness as the guidance, and aim at the goodness of public selection, which is characterized with publicity, trueness and valuableness. Public selection regards truth as goodness, or the publicity of public selecting goodness is just truth. Trueness is the concrete stipulation of public selecting goodness, includes validity, rightness, sincerity. Trueness of public selecting goodness is of value, not only the value of aim but of method, and has the capacity to judge the fitness between the public selecting leader cadres and the public selecting leader positions. The public selection strives for trueness to realize the value aim of public selecting justice, which is the result of all citizens making use of public sense. Public sense used in public selection is in forms of public proof and false to make positive justification and negative defence for public selecting trueness. But the function of public sense is limited, and needs public rationality to make up.To realize public selecting justice needs to design scientific and reasonable institutions. The institution of public selecting justice is different from the public selecting system in experiences. The institution of public selecting justice is a kind of public structure, which consists of four elements including experts, citizens, functionaries in vocational public selection and political leaders, expressing the principle of CCP. governing cadres and the spirit of socialist republicanism, characterized with mixedness and balance. The institution of public selecting justice takes democratic deliberation as the main action model, which can be divided into practical deliberation, ethical deliberation and moral deliberation, which runs in two different procedures. The ideal environment of public selecting deliberation is made up of principles of deliberative procedures and discussions. The public selecting deliberation’s smoothly carrying on needs experts, citizens, functionaries in vocational public selection and political leaders to perform their citizen duties which include resourcefulness and courageousness, promise to heart, publicity to public selection.The effectiveness of public selecting justice is the product of running effects of the institution of public selecting justice and can be divided into direct and overflowing ones. The former is that of public selecting actions, and the later is that of the institution of public selecting justice. The former mainly reflects in assigning the leader positions. But the institution of public selecting justice is imperfect procedural justice, and forms intension with public selecting justice. The key to realize the direct effectiveness of public selecting justice lies in influxing perfect procedural factors into the imperfect procedure so that more inevitable cause-effect relationship could be built up between the institution of public selecting justice and public selecting justice. The later depends on the overflowing effectiveness, embodies in development of public selecting culture and enlargement of latent leader cadres. That public selection cultivates its objects will be the unexhausted power source with which the institution of public selecting justice develops excellently. As long as the institution of public selecting justice gains powers of continuous innovation and that of common governance from public selecting justice, we can expect reasonably that IPSLC will be the main part of cadre selecting and appointing institution in our country, and the most scientific and advanced selecting and appointing institution in history.更多还原