【作者】 张令要；

【导师】 雷朝亮；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 动物学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 登革热或登革出血热是由蚊虫传播的一种严重危害人类健康的急性传染病,20世纪,登革热在世界各地发生过多次大流行,病例数以百万计。本论文围绕登革热的传播媒介---白纹伊蚊孕蚊种群监测和控制进行了系统的研究,并成功研制出一种针对白纹伊蚊等容器孳生型蚊虫种群监测的新型孕蚊粘捕器,弥补了目前我国白纹伊蚊监测方法中的不足,提高了白纹伊蚊的监测水平,为科学预测我国登革热疫情的流行趋势及有效控制登革热疫情提供了一定的基础。同时,为进一步提高孕蚊粘捕器的监测效果,对白纹伊蚊的产卵习性、不同浸液的产卵引诱力以及利用硫酸铜控制蚊幼虫的新方法等进行了研究,并就孕蚊粘捕器应用于白纹伊蚊等容器孳生型蚊虫的控制进行了有益的探索。本论文主要研究结果如下:1.孕蚊粘捕法应用于白纹伊蚊种群监测的研究应用新设计的孕蚊粘捕器和标准诱卵器进行的配对比较试验中,在孕蚊粘捕器所捕获的蚊虫中,白纹伊蚊占89.87%,为优势蚊种,致倦库蚊或淡色库蚊占8.87%,三带喙库蚊/伪杂麟库蚊、二带喙库蚊等占0.82%,由于主要形态鉴别特征无法识别而不能鉴定的蚊种占0.44%,蚊种构成存在显著差异;雌蚊占62.37%,雄蚊占21.58%;在解剖镜下观察,白纹伊蚊雌蚊清晰可见率为63.97%;在所粘捕的蚊虫中,96.46%的蚊虫的足跗节被粘着,蚊虫不同部位的粘附率之间存在显著的差异;86.67%的蚊虫被粘附在胶带的下部,不同粘胶部位蚊虫的粘附率存在显著差异;孕蚊粘捕法和标准诱卵器法测得的白纹伊蚊密度存在明显的正相关,两种监测结果显示的白纹伊蚊种群密度消长趋势一致。在进行的孕蚊粘捕法、诱卵法、幼虫定量计数法和人诱法比较试验中,孕蚊粘捕器的平均粘捕雌蚊数、诱卵器的平均诱集卵数和人诱法的平均成蚊数两两之间存在显著的直线相关关系。2.不同植物浸液对白纹伊蚊产卵行为的影响在室内诱卵法试验中,有绊根草浸液的诱卵杯中诱集的平均卵数为68.87,而有自来水的诱卵杯中诱集的平均卵数为23.99,两者间存在显著的差异;在室内粘捕法试验中,有绊根草浸液的诱蚊杯中粘捕平均雌蚊数为7.62,而有自来水的诱蚊杯中粘捕的平均雌蚊数为2.66,两者间存在显著的差异。在现场试验中,有绊根草浸液的孕蚊粘捕器中粘捕平均雌蚊数为5.88,而有自来水的孕蚊粘捕器中粘捕平均雌蚊数4.79,两者间差异不显著;有绊根草浸液的标准诱卵器中现场诱集的平均卵数为670.95,而有自来水的标准诱卵器中诱集的平均卵数为386.22,两者间存在显著的差异。现场试验中樟树叶、黄杨叶、狗尾草、绊根草、玉兰叶和竹叶等不同植物浸液和自来水对照没有显著的差异。3.白纹伊蚊产卵节律的研究白纹伊蚊的生殖营养周期平均为4.22天,吸血后3-4天,孕蚊卵巢发育成熟并开始产卵。室内观察白纹伊蚊产卵节律:雌蚊吸血后前2天未发现有蚊虫产卵,第3天的产卵量占总产卵量的8.22%;第4天的产卵量占总产卵量的56.41%;产卵高峰期出现在第4天,之后开始明显下降,第5天的产卵量占总产卵量的20.51%,第6天的产卵量占总产卵量的6.85%,至第10天仍有少数蚊虫产卵;白纹伊蚊的产卵活动具有明显的白昼性特点,白天的产卵量占总产卵量的91.90%,夜晚的产卵量仅占总产卵量的8.10%。现场观察其产卵节律:产卵高峰期出现在午后至傍晚的一段时间内,白天12:00-15:00,产卵量占全天总产卵量的32.51%;白天15:00-18:00,产卵量占全天总产卵量的24.95%;白天18:00-20:00,产卵量占全天总产卵量的31.86%。4.白纹伊蚊分散产卵行为研究在进行的白纹伊蚊孕蚊产卵时间分散性研究中发现:白纹伊蚊完成产卵的时间比较短,55.56%的孕蚊只需1天完成产卵,24.69%的孕蚊需要2天完成产卵,80%以上的孕蚊在1-2天内即完成产卵,也有极少数孕蚊需要6-7天才能完成产卵。设置梯度时间检查孕蚊产卵次数分布特征发现:24h检查一次,则有56.47%的孕蚊只需1次完成产卵,40.00%的孕蚊需2～3次完成产卵;3h检查一次,则34.20%的孕蚊只需1次完成产卵,42.11%的孕蚊2次完成产卵,少数孕蚊需要3-5次才能完成产卵。应用不同类型的产卵载体进行的白纹伊蚊空间分散产卵性研究发现:在产卵杯中全部为自来水的试验中,白纹伊蚊平均产卵杯数为3.66±0.19,每个产卵杯的平均产卵量百分率均低于25%;在幼虫饲养水存在的情况下,白纹伊蚊平均产卵杯数为4.18±0.19,有幼虫饲养水的产卵杯中诱集的产卵量占总产卵量的30.49±3.62%,明显多于其它有自来水的产卵杯中诱集的卵数;在有红布条存在的情况下,白纹伊蚊平均产卵杯数为3.05±0.23,在有红布条的产卵杯中诱集的产卵量占总产卵量的44.78±5.17%,明显多于其它有自来水的产卵杯所诱集的卵数;在有幼虫饲养水和红布条共同存在的情况下,白纹伊蚊的平均产卵杯数为2.03±0.12,在有幼虫饲养水和红布条的产卵杯中诱集的产卵量占总产卵量的75.95±3.14%,显著高于其它有自来水的产卵杯所诱集的卵数。5.金属铜或硫酸铜溶液应用于白纹伊蚊幼虫控制的研究在观察不同剂量金属铜浸泡不同时间的溶液对蚊幼虫或卵发育影响的试验中发现:铜离子对白纹伊蚊的幼虫发育产生明显的影响;在10g/L剂量金属铜溶液中,浸泡30天后,在放入蚊幼虫的前5天期间,幼虫发育延迟,一直维持在Ⅰ-Ⅱ龄阶段;而对照组中,第2天90%以上的幼虫发育至Ⅲ至Ⅳ龄阶段。不同剂量的金属铜溶液对白纹伊蚊幼虫均有一定的致死作用,剂量越高致死作用越明显。在40g/L剂量金属铜溶液中,浸泡至50天,放入蚊虫后的第1天,白纹伊蚊幼虫即全部死亡。铜离子对白纹伊蚊的卵发育也有一定的影响;金属铜浸泡10天后,在10 mg/L剂量金属铜溶液中,30%卵粒孵化,在20 mg/L剂量金属铜溶液中37%卵粒孵化,在40 mg/L剂量金属铜溶液中86%卵粒孵化,而对照组则有99%卵粒孵化。在进行的硫酸铜溶液对白纹伊蚊蚊幼虫或卵发育影响的试验中发现:高浓度的硫酸铜溶液对卵粒的孵化产生了显著的影响;在1 mg/L硫酸铜溶液中,加入卵粒后,第3天白纹伊蚊卵粒开始孵化,此后孵出的蚊幼虫不断增多,而在10 mg/L和100 mg/L的硫酸铜溶液中,未见白纹伊蚊卵粒孵化。高浓度的硫酸铜溶液对白纹伊蚊幼虫发育具有明显的抑制作用;1 mg/L、10 mg/L和100 mg/L的硫酸铜溶液对Ⅰ至Ⅱ龄白纹伊蚊幼虫有强烈的致死作用,蚊幼虫24h后死亡率为100%;对Ⅲ至Ⅳ龄白纹伊蚊幼虫也具有明显的致死作用,随着浓度的增加,致死作用逐渐增强;在100 mg/L的硫酸铜溶液中,至第3天,溶液中的白纹伊蚊幼虫全部死亡。在进行的硫酸铜溶液控制蚊幼虫的现场试验中发现:放置一周后,所有盛有自来水的容器内全部孳生有白纹伊蚊幼虫或蛹,而在100mg/L硫酸铜溶液的容器中,前5周均未发现蚊幼虫孳生,至第7周始,孳生蚊幼虫的阳性桶数才不断增加,硫酸铜溶液控制蚊幼虫的效果随着时间的持续而下降。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dengue and Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a mosquito-born disease,and several major outbreaks of dengue fever have occurred in the twenty century with millions of cases.We concentrated on developing a new method to investigate and control A. albopicuts and other container-breeding mosquitoes,and suceeded in developing a new sticky ovitrap for the surveillance of A.albopictus in China.Which is very helpful to survey and control the epidemic of Dengue in China.We conducted some experiments such as studies on the oviposition pattern of A.albopictus,attractancy or repellence of the different grass or leaf infusions to the gravid A.albopictus and the new way to control A.albopictus larvae using CuSO₄ to improve the sticky ovitrap.Which could contribute to control A.albopictus and other container-breeding mosquitoes.The major results of the thesis are as followed:The effect of the sticky ovitrap on collecting A.albopictus（Diptera:Culicidae） in the fields were evaluated in Wuhan,China.A.albopictus accounted for 89.97%of the mosquitoes collected by sticky ovitraps,and 63.97%of them were A.albopictus with all clearly visible chracteristics.Culex quinquefasciatus or Culex pipiens pallens,Culex bitaeniorhynchus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus together made up 9.70%of mosquitoes. The percentage of unidentifiable mosquitoes was 0.44%.More A.albopictus females were collected than males,and 99.70%of tarsi of mosquitoes attached on the sticky strips were clearly visible,and the percentage of mosquitoes with the clearly visible thorax or abdomen or proboscis were 70%or so.86.67%of mosquitoes were stuck at the bottom of the sticky strips,and only few of them were stuck on the upper and middle of the sticky strips.The mean adults of A.albopictus measured by sticky ovitraps were correlated well with the mean eggs of A.albopictus detected by the standard ovitraps in 2006.The females captured by sticky ovitraps were correlated well with the eggs collected by ovitraps or the adults collected in man-biting experiments,and the linear regressions were found between eggs and females,eggs and adults,or females and adults.Gravid A.albopiclus laid significantly more eggs in standard red ovitraps baited with the Bermuda-grass infusion with average 68.87 eggs per ovitrap than those in the similar ovitraps containing plain tap water with average 23.99 eggs per ovitrap in the insectary, and more eggs were found in standard red ovitraps baited with the Bermuda-grass infusion with average 670.95 eggs per ovitrap than in the similar ovitraps containing plain tap water with average 386.22 eggs per ovitrap in the field.In the corresponding assays with sticky ovitraps,however,it was only in the insectary that significantly more A. albopictus female were caught in the cup using the Bermuda-grass infusion with average 7.62 females per trap than those in the cup with the tap-water with average 2.66 females per trap.While in the field there were no difference in the females captured between the Bermuda-grass infusion with average 5.58 females per trap and the tap-water control with average 4.79 females per trap.There were no difference in collecting A.albopictus female between any of six infusions made from the leaves of the camphorwood tree （Cinnamomum camphora）,box（Buxus sinica var.insularis）,green bristle grass（Setaria viridis）,bermuda grass,lotus magnolia（Magnolia grandiflora） or a bamboo （Phyllostachys pubescens） with tap water in the field.The gonotrofic circle of A.albopictus wass ca.4 days,the gravid female began to lay eggs after 3-4 days bloodfed.The peak of oviposition occurred in the fourth day with 46.64%eggs being laid.Since then the gravid female decrease to lay eggs greatly with only 6.85%eggs laid in the sixth day,and a few female kept laying eggs in the tenth day. Oviposition of A.albopictus from Wuhan was almost exclusively diurnal with 91.90% eggs being laid during the full photophase in the field.A large,well defined peak of oviposition（comprising about 56.25%eggs laid） occurred in the laboratory during the one or two hours before sunset while a broad peak of oviposition occurred in the mid afternoon in the field with 32.51%eggs collected between 12:00 and 15:00,24.95%eggs between 15:00 and 18:00,and 31.86%eggs between 18:00 and 20:00.A.albopictus exhibited skip oviposition with laying eggs in instalment in several cups.55.56%of females laid eggs from one gonotrophic circle one time and 44.44%of them deposited eggs more than two times in a day during the 24h exposure.However,the proportion of females depositing eggs more than two times increased to 65.80%during the 3h exposure and only 34.20%of females deposited eggs one time.In response to 7 cups of water alone,individual A.albopictus laid eggs in 3.66±0.19 cups and the mean percent of eggs laid in any cup in the cage was not more than 25%eggs.In response to the larvae culture water in the cup No.3,the mean number of cups used by individual A. albopictus was 4.18±0.19 and the mean percent of eggs laid in the cup No.3 was 30.49±3.62%.In response to the red velour strip in the cup No.3,the mean number of cups used by individual A.albopictus was 3.05±0.23 and the mean percent of eggs laid in the cup No.3 was 44.78±5.17%.In response to the red velour strip and the larvae culture water in the cup No.3,the mean number of cups used by individual A.albopictus was 2.03±0.12 and the mean percent of eggs laid in the cup No.3 was 75.95±3.14%.The development of A.albopictus larvae and eggs could be affected by metallic copper.Exposed to the water infused with the dose of 10g/L of copper for 30 days,the larvae developed slowly and kept staying atⅠorⅡstage while most of larvae in the tap water developed toⅢorⅣstage in the second day.Metallic copper were poisonous to A.albopictus larvae.After being exposed to the water infused with the dose of 40g/L of copper for 50 days,All the larvae were dead at the first day.When the copper were infused for 10 days,A.albopictus eggs were placed in the infusion.30%eggs hatched for the dose of 10g/L of copper,37%eggs hatched for the dose of 20g/L of copper,and 86% eggs hatched for the dose of 40g/L of copper,while 99%eggs hatched in the tap water as control.Eggs kept hatching exposed to 1mg/L CuSO₄ while no eggs hatched exposed to 10mg/L CuSO₄ or 100mg/L CuSO₄.AllⅠorⅡlarvae were dead after 24h exposure of 1mg/L CuSO₄,10mg/L CuSO₄ or 100mg/L CuSO₄.CuSO₄ are poisonous toⅢorⅣlarvae,and all larvae were dead after 3 days exposure of 100mg/L CuSO₄.No larvae were found in the containers containing 100mg/L CuSO₄ during five weeks exposure while A.albopictus larvae were found in all the containers with tap water after one week in the field.Effect of 100mg/L CuSO₄ on controlling A.albopictus larvae decreased as time gone.更多还原