【作者】 陈娆；

【导师】 蔡根女； 江占民；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放30年来,我国乡镇企业经历了以外延扩大再生产为特征的第一次创业和20世纪90年代以产权制度改革为核心的第二次创业,不仅在繁荣农村经济、增加农民收入、转移农村剩余劳动力等方面发挥了巨大作用,而且为我国国民经济发展、政治稳定和社会进步做出了很大贡献。但是,乡镇企业的历史使命远没有完成。党的十七大报告明确指出:“以促进农民增收为核心,发展乡镇企业,壮大县域经济,多渠道转移农民就业”,这是对乡镇企业地位作用的充分肯定,同时说明乡镇企业的发展还任重道远。随着全球经济一体化、国内外市场的融合以及跨国公司的纷至沓来,我国乡镇企业同样也面临着来自国内外两个市场的竞争压力。如何能在变化了的市场化竞争环境中得以生存,并持续发挥其竞争优势,已成为乡镇企业进一步发展迫切需要解决的问题。这正是本论文研究的动因。本论文以产业集群理论、竞争优势理论、产业组织理论等经济管理理论为指导,在分析产业集群与企业竞争优势内联关系的基础上,运用博弈论分析产业集群竞争优势的源泉所在,通过案例分析总结乡镇企业产业集群演化的路径依赖;由此构建乡镇企业产业集群竞争优势的评价体系,并深入讨论其影响因素,以探讨在产业集群下提升乡镇企业竞争优势的思路对策。本文研究的主要内容和结论如下:(1)产业集群与企业竞争优势的内联关系论文在回顾和梳理相关研究文献的基础上,运用产业组织、竞争优势等理论,从产业集群的分工专业化、交易费用、规模经济等方面,对产业集群与企业竞争优势的相互关系进行经济学分析。结果显示,产业集群是建立在分工专业化基础上的、处于产业分工链条不同环节上的、并聚集在一定区域的众多企业所组成的生产网络,是一种比企业和市场更有效的资源配置方式。产业集群本质上是内部分工的外部化,既可以实现集群内部规模经济,又能为集群内企业提供丰富的外部范围经济。(2)基于产业集群的乡镇企业竞争优势博弈分析论文运用产业集群和博弈理论,从价格、信用和供应链等方面,对乡镇企业竞争优势进行分析。分析结论表明:由于产业集群使产品具有一定的相对集中性,产品聚集凸显规模效应,使产品价格有可能低于一般市场价格,形成集群的价格竞争优势;信用是形成产业集群内部制约机制的重要基础,有助于交易各方对他人行为形成稳定预期,遏制机会主义行为,降低信息不对称和交易成本,使产业集群中信用机制具有持久的激励效应,进而实现产业集群长期经济增长;产业集群具有的专业化分工与协作的基本属性,使其企业不再是一种简单的地理集聚,而是基于供应链的产业集群的资源整合,促使其内部乡镇企业竞争优势进一步形成。(3)乡镇企业产业集群演化模式分析论文在深入河北省产业集群实践调查研究的基础上,从产业集群的形成动因角度,分析和总结出乡镇企业产业集群演化的四种模式类型:即传统技艺开发型、市场导向驱动型、龙头企业带动型和政府主导促进型等。研究结果显示,这些类型的乡镇企业产业集群演化模式,具有一定的普遍性,从一个侧面反映了乡镇企业产业集群演化的路径变迁,说明产业集群的外部规模经济、扩散效应、资源优化配置效应等优势,正是推动乡镇企业实现产业集群的内在动力。这可以为我国不同区域、不同行业的乡镇企业选择集群模式,提供发展导向和决策参考。(4)基于产业集群的乡镇企业竞争优势的影响因素论文在以上理论阐述和逻辑演绎的基础上,构建基于产业集群的乡镇企业竞争优势评价模型,运用描述性统计分析和主成分分析方法,对基于产业集群的乡镇企业竞争优势的影响因素进行计量模型检验。分析结果表明,乡镇企业竞争优势的发挥正是从宏观到微观各个层面众多因素综合作用的结果,其主成分影响因素可以表述为:企业合作影响因素、企业运作影响因素、集群环境影响因素和市场响应影响因素,这四个因素与评价体系相映衬,分别涉及乡镇企业生存的集群环境、集群产生的企业合作行为、企业微观运作及企业运作结果——市场响应等几个层面,分析所得出的影响乡镇企业竞争优势的主要因素包括:企业间互补性、信息共享、专业化分工、合作理念、政策扶持等。(5)提升乡镇企业竞争优势的政策建议依据上述研究,从战略的高度提出了以下几点建议:以区域特色产业为核心,打造乡镇企业产业集群的产业基础;以科技创新为动力,促进乡镇企业产业集群不断改造和升级;以集群品牌建设为重点,提升乡镇企业产业集群的核心竞争力;以集群供应链管理为纽带,搭建乡镇企业跨链竞争的合作平台等。本文的主要创新点:(1)研究视角有新意本文从产业集群的集聚效应角度,研究如何影响和提升集群内乡镇企业竞争优势问题。产业集群由于内部分工的外部化,所实现的规模经济和范围经济,能够提升乡镇企业竞争优势。这一研究视角,可为同类问题的研究提供一个新的思路。(2)研究方法运用的创新一是运用博弈理论方法,如从供应链的角度探讨乡镇企业产业集群的竞争优势所在。即基于供应链的产业集群,一方面表现为集群横向整体扩张,获得规模优势;另一方面表现为纵向一体化集成,获得成本优势,从而形成以市场为核心,以降低交易费用而构建的合作、共赢、互信、互利的立体网络。这一方法的运用,能更好地阐明产业集群对企业竞争优势的作用力。二是运用案例研究法,对河北省207个乡镇企业产业集群通过走访政府有关部门、收集相关统计资料、专家咨询及部分实地考察等,从产业集群形成机制的角度,总结提炼出四种产业集群模式,即传统技艺开发型、市场导向驱动型、龙头企业带动型和政府引导促进型,并分析其竞争优势的差异性和不同发展路径。此方法的导用,可以为不同区域乡镇企业产业集群模式的选择和研究,提供案例运用参考。(3)研究结论有所创新本文研究发现,基于供应链的产业集群外延要大于一般意义上的产业集群,其内涵也丰富许多。对基于供应链的产业集群乡镇企业来讲,其效率不仅取决于各环节(子集群)、各厂商的自身效率,还取决于其个环节或厂商之间合作的密切程度;供应链上企业往往愿意采取合作方式,即为了长期利益而接受较低的眼前利益,达到合作均衡,双方得益的纳什均衡就成为帕累托最优。因此,以集群供应链管理为纽带,搭建乡镇企业跨链竞争的合作平台,这一结论对现有的研究成果是一个补充和完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, township and village enterprises play an important role in society. It is a result of Rural Economic System Reform in the 20th century. It has been 30 years since the first entrepreneurship emerged. It is well known that township and village enterprises have been promoting economic prosperity, increasing farmers’ income and offering job opportunities.With the world economy going global, the township and village enterprises now are facing great competition from the international firms. It is an urgent issue to know how to survive and develop in this competitive environment, especially through industrial clusters. That’s why I did the research on "how to promote the competitive advantages of township and village enterprises".In the research, the system economics and management theories have been employed, which include the theory of Industrial Clusters, the theory of Competition Advantage and the theory of Industrial Organization, and etc.. Furthermore, based on the data of a fielded trip investigation, the nature-determines, quantity-determine and main component analysis have been used to improve the competitive advantage and efficiency of the township enterprises. With the optimization of the effective measure, "bottleneck" of the development is expected to be solved. Also, I discuss the competitive advantage-producing mechanism by Game theory. An appraisal system of competitive advantage for township and village enterprises in industrial clusters is formed on empirical research. By the analysis of township and village enterprises data and investigation, I give the following pieces of advice on the realization of critical path to promote township and village enterprises’ competitive advantages.The main conclusions of the thesis:1. Connectivity between industrial clusters and Business Competitive AdvantageBased on document study, the connectivity between industrial clusters and business competitive advantage is researched in term of labor division based on specialization, transaction cost, economies of scale and etc.. We draw a conclusion that industrial cluster is a production networks based on the division of labor based on specialization and industrial division chain. It can allocate resources more efficiently. In nature, industrial cluster is an externalization of interior separation, which brings internal economics of scale, internal efficiency and external economy of scope. 2. Game Analysis on township and village enterprises’ competitive advantage in industrial clustersUsing game theory to look at the different benefits of the relevant parties in the system and find out the concealing characteristic of the township and village enterprises in industrial clusters. Main respects mentioned are price, credit and supply chain. As a result of products gathering, industrial clusters can bring lower price, so township and village enterprises can gain price competitive advantage.Besides, credit as an important foundation of interior control mechanism in industrial clusters, is useful for township and village enterprises to contain opportunity, to reduce information asymmetry and to bring down transaction cost. In industrial clusters, the township and village enterprises can realize resource integration based on supply chain and promote competitive advantages formation. Especially, industrial clusters can act as "the role of leader". It is a driving force through resource sharing, first-mover advantages and advantages of latecomers.3. Evolutionary pattern of industrial clustersUsing life cycle theory of industrial cluster, based on the field investigation of industrial clusters in HeBei province, we find out that four are some kinds of evolutionary pattern of industrial clusters, such as traditional skill developing pattern, corporate champion leading pattern, market-oriented pattern and government-led development pattern. The study shows that it is a common phenomenon for the development of industrial clusters. With the help of spreading effect, optimization of resources allocation and economies of scale, industrial clusters can help township and village enterprises gain competitive advantages.4. Analysis on effect factors of township and village enterprises’ competitive advantages in industrial clustersBased on theoretical analysis and evaluation models of township and village enterprises’ competitive advantages, in principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analysis, we got four principal components including enterprises cooperation, enterprise functioning, cluster environment and marketing response. These components are in relation to government, clusters and township and village enterprises. By further regression analysis, we found out some specific factors—complementary between enterprises, information sharing, division of labor based on specialization, etc..Based on the above conclusions, the thesis puts forward some strategies and suggestions: 1. To forge regional industry cluster characteristic.2. To improve the informing and promotion of industry cluster by Creative Technology.3. To build the brands of industrial clusters and hence to integrate entirety advantage for enterprise group.4. To set up the platform for cooperation by cluster supply chain.The main original views of the thesis are as follows:1. The originality in research angleThe thesis researches the township and village enterprises’ competitive advantages from the accumulative effects of industrial clusters. It finds out that industrial cluster gains economy of scale and economy of scope because of the separation of function and extemalization. These factors react on township and village enterprises to improve their competitive advantages.2. The originality in research methodThe thesis applies game theory to explain competitive advantage of township and village enterprises in industrial clusters in term of supply chain. The industrial clusters based on supply chain gain competitive advantages because it can get scale advantage by horizontal expansion and get cost advantage by vertical integration. The method gives a good explanation for the reasons why industrial clusters can bring lower transaction costs. On the other hand, the thesis applies case method to research. With the help of field surveys of two handured and seven industrial clusters in Hebei province, we sum up four evolutionary patterns of industrial clusters. It is a good support to the theoretical study, andit can help the local government’s decision as well.3. The originality in research conclusionsThe thesis finds out that industrial clusters based on supply chain is different from general industrial clusters: its extension is larger and its connotation is broader. Township enterprises in supply chain prefer teamwork, since their efficiency depends on not only themselves but also cooperation between firms and clusters. So it can of great use to build a platform for cross-chain cooperation. The conclusion is a rewarding supplement for existing achievements. Last but not the least, the research findings can be helpful policy making references for the government.更多还原