【作者】 闫险峰；

【导师】 任南琪；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 环境工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 国家环境保护“十一五”规划指出,我国环境保护形式依然严峻,主要污染物指标排放量远远超过环境容量,水环境减排目标非常艰巨。目前,制药工业不断壮大和发展,据统计,制药工业占全国工业总产值的1.7%,而污水排放量占2%,已经成为国家环境保护规划重点治理的12个行业之一。中药废水属于高浓度难降解有机废水,有机污染物种类多、浓度高,采用常规的生物处理方法难以达标排放。通过分析中药废水水质特点和比较多种废水处理路线与工艺,并在小试研究成果的基础上,提出了利用“CSTR产酸相—UASBAF复合产甲烷相—膜生物反应器”这一技术路线处理该种废水的中试方案。通过对两相厌氧-膜生物反应器工艺处理中药废水中试试验研究,考察了工艺系统的运行效果,结果表明,两相厌氧-膜生物反应器工艺处理高浓度中药废水在技术上是可行的,能够长期稳定运行。产酸相启动42天后平均COD去除率为32%～52%,容积负荷可达到30～42kgCOD/m3·d。发酵类型呈丁酸型发酵类型,挥发酸含量从3.65%提高到23.09%,可生化性大大提高。产甲烷相经过20天成功完成启动,运行稳定时COD平均去除率为86.7%,平均容积负荷为4.5 kgCOD/(m3·d)。膜生物反应器经过12天完成启动,平均容积负荷在5.0～6.2kgCOD/m3.d之间,出水COD小于50mg/L,可达到中水回用标准。采用分子生物学手段,对两相厌氧-膜生物反应器工艺处理中药废水中试试验微生物学进行了研究,考察了工艺系统的种群结构和群落演替变化,研究结果表明,反应器初始生态系统的确定对反应器快速启动和高负荷稳定运行起到了关键作用。膜生物反应器从启动期到稳定运行期共计12天,接种污泥的微生物种群比运行稳定期膜生物反应器多出来2个种群。从而证明了膜生物反应器的微生物群落演替较快,膜生物反应器的启动要比普通好氧活性污泥启动期要短。产酸反应器和产甲烷相反应器接种污泥和回流污泥中微生物种群丰富,产酸相反应器泥样从启动到运行稳定,有一种群始终存在于产酸中,并且占据较大组分,推测其为产酸相中降解污水的主要微生物。产甲烷相反应器初始生态系统确定较好,种群多样性丰富,反应器经过较短时间即达到了稳定运行。以国际水质污染与控制协会IAWQ推出的活性污泥数学模型(ASM1)和厌氧活性污泥数学模型(ADM1)为理论基础,建立了两相厌氧-膜生物反应器处理中药废水的数学模型。模拟结果表明该模型基本可以模拟两相厌氧-膜生物反应器的运行情况。ADM1模型可以直接用于CSTR反应器的模拟,而UASBAF复合式厌氧反应器内部的流体流态比较复杂,经研究发现轴向离散模型和全混串联模型能够较好的反映UASBAF反应器内部的流体流动状态。ASM1能够有效的模拟膜生物反应器的运行情况,并可以应用模型对膜生物反应器影响因素精选评价。可用于工艺流程的选择、各种构筑物的尺寸及其关键运行参数的确定;能够优化一体式膜生物反应器的运行和管理(进行动态模拟以寻求MBR的最佳工作状态)。通过对哈尔滨中药二厂废水厌氧处理工艺的故障诊断,认为控制产酸相反应器为丁酸型发酵比较适宜于高浓度中药废水处系统的高效、稳定运行,在有机负荷为Nv=30kgCOD/m3.d时,产酸反应器仍可保证10～15%的COD去除率。长期的低负荷运行对于产甲烷反应器的稳定和安全有害,产甲烷反应器应保持运行参数为:Nv=8～10kgCOD/m3.d,COD去除率达80%左右。研究证明,以二沉池排放的剩余活性污泥做为厌氧反应器“酸化”后修复的接种污泥是可行的,投加微量金属元素有利于反应器故障的修复,本工程中,微量金属的投加数量为:Fe2+ 1.0mg/L、Co2+ 0.1mg/L、Ni2+ 0.1mg/L。从两相厌氧生物处理工艺中微生物相分离的角度进行了相反应过程和系统的优化。产酸相反应过程应控制为丁酸型发酵,即以丁酸型发酵菌群为优势种群;产甲烷相反应过程,则应达到以甲烷丝状菌和甲烷八叠球菌为主要组成菌种的颗粒污泥的形成。产酸相处于丁酸型发酵有利于产甲烷相颗粒污泥的形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 State Environmental Protection "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" pointed out that the form of China’s environmental protection is still grim, targets emissions of major pollutants far exceed the capacity of the environment, water environment is very difficult emission reduction targets. At present, the pharmaceutical industry continue to grow and develop, according to statistics, the pharmaceutical industry the country’s total industrial output value of 1.7 percent, and accounted for 2% of sewage has become the focus of the State Environmental Protection planning governance, one of 12 industries. Chinese medicine is a high concentration of wastewater refractory organic wastewater, many kinds of organic pollutants, at high concentrations, the use of conventional biological treatment difficult to discharge polluted water. By analyzing the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater quality and compare a wide range of wastewater treatment and process routes, and in a small test of research results based on the use of "CSTR acidogenic phase-UASBAF composite methanogenic phase - membrane bioreactor" This technology routes to deal with the types of wastewater pilot program.Through the two-phase anaerobic - membrane bioreactor process wastewater Chinese test pilot study investigated the effect of technology systems, results show that two-phase anaerobic - membrane bioreactor process wastewater of high concentration of Chinese medicine is technically viable, long-term stable operation. Acidogenic phase to start 42 days after the average COD removal rate of 32% ~ 52%, volumetric loading up to 30 ~ 42kgCOD/m3 ? d. Fermentation type was the type of acid-type fermentation, volatile acid content increased to 3.65 percent from 23.09 percent, biodegradability greatly enhanced. Methane-producing phase, after the successful completion of 20 days to start, run stable COD average removal rate was 86.7 percent, the average volume load of 4.5 kgCOD / (m3 ? d). Membrane bioreactor start after the completion of 12 days, the average volume of the load in between 5.0 ~ 6.2kgCOD/m3.d, the effluent COD is less than 50mg / L, can be achieved in the water reuse standards.The use of molecular biology means of two-phase anaerobic - membrane bioreactor process wastewater Chinese pilot test conducted microbiology studied Process Systems population structure and changes in community succession, research results show that the initial reactor ecosystems to determine the reactor quick start and high load and stable operation played a key role. Membrane bioreactor from start-up period to period and stable operation of a total of 12 days, inoculated sludge microbial populations stable than running membrane bioreactor extra two populations. Proved membrane bioreactor rapid succession of microbial communities, membrane bioreactor start-up than ordinary aerobic activated sludge shorter start-up period. Acidogenic reactor and methane-producing reactor inoculated with sludge and return sludge microbial populations rich acidogenic phase reactor mud-like from the start to run a stable, there is a group always exist in the acid production, and to occupy a larger group points, that its phase acidogenic microbial degradation of the main sewage. Methane-producing reactor, the initial phase to determine a better ecosystem, species diversity, reactor, after a relatively short time that reached a stable operation.International water pollution and Control Association IAWQ introduced mathematical model of activated sludge (ASM1) and anaerobic activated sludge mathematical model (ADM1) for the theoretical foundation, established a two-phase anaerobic - Membrane Bioreactor for Treatment of Wastewater mathematical model of traditional Chinese medicine . Simulation results show that the model can simulate the basic two-phase anaerobic - membrane bioreactor operation. ADM1 model can be directly used for CSTR Reactor Simulation, and UASBAF HABR fluid flow within the complex, the study found that the axial dispersion model and the whole series mixed model can better reflect the internal UASBAF Reactor fluid flow state. ASM1 can be effectively simulated membrane bioreactor operation, and can be applied to the model of membrane bioreactor selection evaluation factors. Can be used to process the choice of the size of the various structures and its key operating parameters to identify; to optimize the submerged membrane bioreactor operation and management (for dynamic simulation to find the best working condition MBR).Through the diagnose of the morbidity symptom of the anaerobic wastewater treatment system in the 2nd factory, controlling of the fermentation at the phase of butyric-acid-fermentation was appropriate for the reactor of acid-producing stage to achieve steady and high efficient performance. At the organic loading of 110, the acid-producing reactor could remove 10~15% of COD. Long-term operation under low organic loading was detrimental to the operation of methane-producing stage, based on which, the stage should operated under the conditions as follows:It was proved in this research that it was feasible to restart the anaerobic system after its acidification by inoculating the excess sludge extracted from the settling tank into the anaerobic reactor. Dosing of trace mental materials was found helpful for the system to recover from sick conditions. In this project, the dose of the trace mental were as follows: Fe2+ 1.0mg/L, Co2+ 0.1mg/L and Ni2+ 0.1mg/L.With regard to the separation of the two phase anaerobic process, the reaction course of the separated phase and optimization of the system were also studied. The fermentation in the acid-producing stage should controlled at the phase of butyric-acid-fermentation. As for the methane-producing stage, Methanothrix sp. and Methanosarcina sp.should grow predominant in the granule sludge. In addition, butyric-acid-fermentation in the acid-producing stage was favorable for the formation of granule sludge in the methane-producing stage.更多还原