【作者】 李冰；

【导师】 李桂文；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 建筑技术科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 自古以来,殡葬建筑就是城市建设的一个重要组成部分,曾在东西方建筑文化中有着辉煌的历史,是人类文明的重要标志。古代的金字塔、泰姬陵以及中国的秦始皇陵等都是举世瞩目、家喻户晓的殡葬建筑;近代的如南京中山陵、日本的多摩陵园等都是设计极佳而备受崇敬的殡葬建筑;现代殡葬建筑如恩里克·米拉莱斯设计的伊瓜拉达墓园、阿尔多·罗西设计的圣卡塔多公墓、槇文彦设计的风之丘葬斋场都堪称经典。然而在我国现代殡葬建筑却并不被重视。之所以存在这一现象,除了由于各种社会历史因素的影响外,主要是由于时代的禁忌,以及无力面对作为生命规律的特定阶段——死亡这一现象,导致了死亡的主题在中国现代建筑中被极力地回避。人类社会发展到今天,人们对死亡的态度没有改变多少,但表达死亡的能力却降低了。在一个年轻且充满活力的社会,死亡无处藏身,它成了禁忌,而且表现死亡的艺术与技术也深受责难。在我国建筑创新日渐兴盛之时,现代殡葬建筑的设计却被遗忘在角落而不大受到重视,这很难适应当代殡葬事业发展的形势。同时非生态化的殡葬建筑也带来了严重的环境问题,与全球的可持续发展的大潮相背离。因此殡葬建筑是生态学研究的重要方面,也是可持续发展面对的重大问题。国外也只在近几十年里才逐渐开展对殡葬建筑生态化的研究。没有哪一种类型的建筑像殡葬建筑这样注重和自然环境的相互关系。殡葬建筑无论从建筑物本身或是人的原始心理,以及其外部和内部环境来说都是与生态化密不可分的。尤其是殡葬建筑的内在本质就是要将死亡躯体这一实物形式转化为另一种形式——骨灰的过程。而这一过程本身恰恰是一种生态化过程的转化,是回归自然的一种特别的“实质性存在”和特殊表现形式。基于上述原因,本论文从生态化的角度出发对殡葬建筑的生态化设计进行研究并提出相应的技术策略。论文首先从介绍中国古代的殡葬理念入手,阐述了中国传统殡葬建筑早期自发的生态伦理思想和实践经验,以及西方殡葬建筑生态化的演进,表明殡葬建筑生态化和可持续发展的必然性。同时,现代殡葬建筑的生态设计观以可持续发展战略与生态学基本理论为基础,针对当今殡葬建筑所面临的严重生态问题,提出殡葬建筑生态化设计的原则及其重要意义,进而提出未来我国殡葬建筑生态化发展取向。然后,针对殡葬建筑对景观生态环境造成的各种危害,对殡葬建筑外部环境景观生态化进一步剖析,并运用景观生态学的原理,提出殡葬建筑外部环境生态化设计的理念、原则和设计方法,并对殡葬建筑外部环境生态设计提出相应的技术策略。殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化设计同样重要,通过探讨殡葬建筑由于其具有的特殊使用功能,在声、光、热等方面带给室内环境的影响,阐述了殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质的调控,提出如何进行殡葬建筑室内空间环境气氛的营造,并通过各种生态化技术应用实现殡葬建筑室内环境的生态化设计,从而最终提升殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质。最后,殡葬建筑的生态化设计还需要通过市场导向、政策导向和法规控制的引导机制才能保障其顺利实施。综上所述,本论文选择了以生态化为切入点,通过对建筑学、生态学、生态伦理学、景观生态学、文化人类学、中国传统的风水理论等多学科对殡葬建筑的外部环境和内部环境的交叉研究,探讨殡葬建筑生态化设计,建立了殡葬建筑生态化设计理念和理论框架,对于解决现代殡葬建筑发展中所遇到的问题,改善殡葬建筑设计对城市环境的影响,为我国殡葬建筑设计的转型提供重要的理论和实践意义。同时,在许多作品中死亡作为一个主题对于激发灵感具有重大的潜力,我希望本论文的研究对一个常被忽视的建筑领域的讨论起到抛砖引玉的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Funeral buildings are important parts of city buildings from ancient time, they have splendid history in both east and west culture, and they become the important symbols of human being civilization. The ancient pyramids, Tai Mahsl Tomb, and Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor of China are all famous funeral buildings in the world. The latter-day Lenin’s Mausoleum and Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum are also widely respected funeral buildings because of their wonderful design. Modern funeral buildings like Igualada Cemetery designed by Enric Miralles, Cemetery of San Cataldo designed by Aldo Rossi, and Kaze-no-Oka Crematorium designed by Fumihiko Maki are all highly respected.However, funeral buildings have not been paid enough attention to in our country. On one side, this is because of various history elements. The more important reason is taboo of ages and incapable of facing the specific phase of life, namely, death. That led to greatly avoiding of using death theme in modern Chinese architectures. Today, although human society developed so much, the attitude that people face to death changed little. However, the ability that people express death reduced. In a young and agile society, death can not hide anywhere. Instead, it becomes taboo, and art and technique that express death are censured much. Nowadays, when architecture innovation progresses rapidly, modern funeral buildings seem to be forgotten and haven’t been paid deserved attention to. This situation results in funeral buildings can not keep up with the progress of funeral and interment. Meanwhile, un-ecological funeral buildings bring on severe environment problems, that is opposite with global tide of sustainable development. So, the funeral building is an important research aspect of bionomics and is an important problem of sustainable development. In foreign counties, research on ecological funeral buildings began in recent decades.No other architectures emphasize relationship with natural environment so much than funeral buildings. From view of no matter architecture itself, human primal mentality or external and internal environment, funeral buildings are all have close relationship with ecology. Especially, the inbeing of funeral building is the procedure that transforms dead body into ashes. This procedure is exactly an ecological transformation; it is a special natural returning existence and representation form.For those reasons, in this paper we research on design and technique of funeral buildings from an ecological view. First, we begin with an introduction of ancient Chinese funeral idea, state Chinese traditional inchoate spontaneous ecological idea and experience of funeral buildings. Also we talk about ecological evolvement of funeral buildings in western countries. Then we summarize the ecological characters and value of funeral buildings, and propose ecological future development direction of our country funeral buildings. Aiming at harm that funeral buildings brought on, we further discuss on ecological landscape of funeral buildings, and analyze funeral building design that emphasize ecological landscape. Then we bring forward idea, principle, design method and technical strategy of funeral building ecological landscape design. Based on ecological quality analysis of natural environment interface and architecture environment interface of funeral buildings, we expound the ecological trend of funeral buildings interface material and technique. And trough integrated research on interface form and construction technique, equipment technique, intelligent technique and bionic technique, we discuss integration of funeral buildings interface ecological design and technique. At last we analyze the ecological elements of indoor environment, and discuss sound, light and temperature impact on indoor environment which funeral buildings bring due to their specific functions. We describe how to adjust the ecological character of indoor environment, and set forth the method of establish indoor ambience of funeral buildings. We also design funeral buildings indoor environment ecologically based on ecological technical strategies. Eventually, we can promote ecological quality of funeral buildings’indoor environment.In summary, this paper discuss on ecological design of funeral buildings. Trough application of environment ethnics, combining with design principle of Chinese traditional geomantic theory, culture anthropology, and landscape ecology, we try to research on ecological design of funeral buildings’outside environment, indoor environment, and interfaces, to found ecological design idea and theoretical framework of funeral buildings. It has important theoretical and practical significance on resolving problems in modern funeral buildings development, improving city environment, shortening the ecological trend gap between our country and foreign countries, constructing ecological city, achieving harmonious development of human, nature and society, realizing sustainable development strategy eventually. Meanwhile, in many works, death is always a potential subject to enlighten inspiration. We hope this paper can stimulate discussions in this often neglected architecture domain.更多还原