清代以来咸阳村落的分布变化和社会之考察

【作者】 张祖群；

【导师】 侯甬坚；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 清以来咸阳县地跨渭河,包括泾河、渭河之交的咸阳原、渭河南北的河流阶地两部分。咸阳县地理空间统一,语言文化统一,是新石器时代遗址聚落、先秦帝王陵墓(误周陵)、周封程邑、秦咸阳都城、西汉帝王陵区等地理空间载体,是演绎汉民族主体文化的重要场所,是一个完整的地域文化单元。以清以来咸阳县聚落作为主要研究对象,以历史地理为基础,对咸阳县聚落地理进行多学科综合研究,提取重大历史事件,充实性解读咸阳县聚落的时间属性、空间属性、结构属性,对区域人类家园营造经验的总结具有重要学术意义。赋予该区域汉文化复兴、村落文化认同、村落社会经济发展等方面实践意义。本研究基本结构如下:第一部分为基础部分,包括第1章绪论。在有关概念厘定基础上,介绍村落对于人类史研究的意义,对古村落研究进行综述,研究史料、模式与框架的说明。以及咸阳县聚落起源、发展的史地背景,清代以前村落发展简述。第二部分实证研究,包括3章:第2章是清代咸阳县村落研究,第3章是民国时期咸阳县村落研究,第4章是民国时期咸阳县村落研究。对每个时段在现有资料范围内进行村落统计研究,探讨村落的分布变化,复原村民的生活。第三部分为余论,包括第5章,阐述了清代以来咸阳县村落分布变化过程与总结了村落社会生活,最后叙述了研究期望:走进历史场景。第四部分为2个附录:附录1为研究范围历史沿革变迁,附录2为安陵文化景观田野调查报告。研究结论认为:历史时期咸阳原村落分布变化过程表现如下,第一,清以前咸阳县村落不多,多位于渭河南北的一级阶地、二级阶地。清代以来一直到民国期间,咸阳县聚落人口呈现缓慢增加,到共和国时期,村落数量与人口才有较大规模的增加。第二,初步探讨与梳理清代咸阳县上村落四种名称分类:以历史人物与传说而起的村落;以庙观而名的村落;以交通经济而盛的村落;以防卫而得名的地名,多名寨、堡。清代咸阳县村落变化典型的表现为村落移民和修筑堡寨卫村。探讨了大村与小村区分机制。第三,民国时期咸阳原村落与人口受灾荒、战乱等严重影响。特别是1929-1932年的干旱大灾荒,致使阳原上村落与人口减少了大约1/3。第四、1949年以后咸阳原村落存在上升、减少、猛量增加、趋缓减少的数量特征。新增村落呈现一分为二、一分为三、一分为四,或者孤立增加产生某个村庄(如七户窑)的特征。清代以来咸阳县村落布局的空间特征体现为:宏观上村落多沿黄土湾的冲刷沟与断崖分布:中观上村落突破城墙(土壕)向外扩展;微观上村落房屋空间结构的也有变化,如出现一院多间单层(或多层)的封闭院落结构。从人地关系角度选取典型事件复原了清代、民国时期、共和国时期咸阳县范围村落的社会生活。本研究的特色与创新初步总结如下:①在方法上,从历史地理学角度,多学科综合研究咸阳县地理范围内的村落变化与社会生活。在研究范式上,试图打破以往个案研究或者纯粹理论研究惯例,对清代以来咸阳县地理范围内的村落进行“田野工作参与观察——民族志”模式解读,并试图解构咸阳县范围聚落(古村落)的时间文化因子与专题文化因子,形成“对比研究——实地考察——构建理论——验证理论”规范的实证主义研究范式。②在研究结论上,初步复原了清代以来咸阳县村落的历史发展过程,并初步总结了咸阳县村落布局的时空特点。③在应用价值上,通过探讨其人地关系与社会文化变迁,学术界更应重视和加强村落的社会经济发展与秦汉文化的复兴。有效拓展了历史乡村地理的研究方法和内容,对人类家园营造有一定升华意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xianyang County acrossed Wei River that included Xianyangyuan loessial highland and river terraces between Wei He north and south. Xianyangyuan loessial highland, geospatial reunification, language and culcultural’s unification, the Neolithic Age settlement sites, the pre-Qin Dynasty emperors’ tomb (mistakenly Zhou Ling), Chenge week closure, Qin capital Xianyang, and the Western Han Dynasty emperors Tombs ,is the geographical vector space of many significant historical events. It is also an important establishment which derives the Han ethnic principal culture. Besides, it is a complete regional cultural unit. We make a comprehensive study in this region from history, archaeology, anthropology, folklore, and other research perspectives, and the application of a variety of historical materials, analyzing Xianyang County’s settlement, the capital, the tomb cultural factors to abstract major historical and cultural events and interpret entirely its of cultural landscape content.The basic structure is as follows: The first part is the fundamental part, including one chapter. It includes Introductory on the collated and stipulated basic of related concepts,introduced the importences of Human beings history, summing up the Ancient Villages Deliberated,and the explanations of history, models and structures, and includes the background, including the significance of ancient villages to the human history study.The second part, as empirical research components, includes 3 chapters. Chapter 2 are research history materials, models and frame. Under the background of the geography environment of the loessial highland in north China, has the important human history meaning for the Xianyang County, using the reading, using reading, walking and writing methods, finally combining the PE model forms the research text.Chapter 3 studies the overall situation of Xianyang settlement, draws the following conclusions:①since the human being has the significant activities, the natural environment factors in the Xianyang County, such as the geology, soil, water, climate and propagation and etc basically maintain the reality of nature. But the human activities has the impact on the soil growth, water environment changing and the vegetation transition and etc. all of these changes are more obvious than another other nature geography environment actors changes.②The bound has the difference between the generalized and the narrowed because of the changing of dynasties in the history periods. Narrowed Xianyang County is as equal to Wulingyuan, the original bound of Xian ying is very blur, but the central part is always maintain invariability. It’s main body lies in the Qindong region, Weicheng region and the east of Xingping region.Chapter 4 briefly describes the Xianyang County original settlement before the Qin dynasty, the research concludes: The geography environment has the the most significant contact with the New Stone Age settlement distributing. Since the New Stone Age, original human being built their houses, which represent the human nature——nationality, locality, cosmopolitan and continuity. In Original Qin period, the higher level settlement structure, underwent twice extension from north Wei to south Wei. Xianyang County in Qin dynasty is the place for the capital city of Qin and the country, Li county and booth.Three-part cent, for the appendix. Including 1 Chapter that is Chapter 5.Discribing the space features and the changing process of Xianyang County settlements .In the end ,the expectation studied was discussing: Into the history situation.Four-part cent, for the appendix, include the historical data of 2 sortings a document: appendix 1 is the course of change and development on historical change in Xianyang County, appendix 2 Anne the Ling cultural investigation report of the view countryside.Special features and creative first step should study are tally up as follows, in order to teach at the generous house: (1)The takes history geography as predominant, draw lessons from other academics modes and method, with various historical data to salty sun original an integrity of the district cultural unit carry on a person ground a relation a research and the social culture change study. The originally studies the angle carries on inside the investigation of industry, outside industry both side to the substantial evidence case from the history geography, and try the solution Gou salty sun original settlement, all city and emperor’s mausoleum cultural factor.(2) Originally research’s inquiry into be the social culture of national core turn inside salty sun original geography scope and pass settlement, all the city, emperor’s mausoleum factor inquiry into its person ground relation and social culture a change and finally rises the inheritance protection and Qin’s written Chinese turn renew height.(3) Originally the research try to break former case study perhaps pure ories a research usual practice and become "contrast research- on-the-spot investigation- set up theories- verification theories" norm of substantial evidence doctrine research.更多还原