张衡诗文研究

【作者】 王渭清；

【导师】 霍松林；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 张衡作为东汉中叶一位成就非凡的科学家、思想家、文学家在汉代乃至整个中国古代文化史上都具有卓越的地位。本文是对张衡现存诗文一个较为全面的鸟瞰,力图展示这位杰出人物诗文创作丰富的文化内涵以及在中国古代文学发展史上所具有的标界性的承启作用。论文从六个部分展开,在引言之外,共设5章。引言部分阐述了选题的意义及研究方法,着重回顾了张衡研究的学术现状。在古代,对于张衡诗文的研究突出的是以结集、评注的方式,展示出张衡诗文独特的文学价值。近现代以来,对于张衡诗文的研究虽已渐具规模,成绩斐然,然而全景式的把握与研究尚不够全面和深入。第一章是张衡诗文与东汉中叶政治学术背景的链接。东汉中叶社会的复杂性不仅仅表现在政治由盛而衰,外戚宦官迭相专政,朝政混乱,经学衰败,神学·经学日趋解构,而且表现在佛道渐兴对士人的影响以及“求真”思潮对知识阶层的冲击,作为东汉中叶新旧交替过程中士大夫的典型代表,张衡诗文全面地展示了这一复杂的历史状貌。其诗文涉及到当时政治、学术、思想、文化等各个方面,多维地展示了文学与政治之间的关系,文学与经学之间的关系,文学与神学之间的关系以及文学与“求真”主义思潮及学术潜变之间的关系。本章带有总论的性质,和后文亦可相互发明。第二章全面考察张衡诗文所展现出的情感历程。纵观张衡一生的诗文创作和为官经历,可将其创作细分为七个时期。这七个时期的诗文完整地勾勒出了张衡由书生意气到“朝隐柱史”直至寻觅精神家园的心路历程。他的诗文是那个时代的缩影,是东汉中叶士大夫阶层生存状态的真实再现,是东汉初叶以来培育因染下谨固自敕的作风在新的环境下的变异。张衡的诗文还展示了人的自觉:士人远离政治,对朝廷的亲附感趋向淡漠,其自然结果就是士人的自重,这种自重,标志着个体生命意识的觉醒。第三章探讨在儒道互补,《诗》、《骚》融通,南北合流,文化大交融背景下张衡诗文对南北二学的承启作用。先秦时期,南北文化尚未融合贯通。北方以重理性精神的伦理型文化为主,南方秉承的则是浪漫多情的庄骚体系。逮至汉代,伴随着政治的“大一统”,文化大交融的时代来临了。它一改先秦时期以纵向承继为主的文化演进方式,而变为以横向拓展、交流与融合为特色的文化发展模式。楚风北袭,北学南渐,文化交融至张衡时代已趋于成熟。融贯了儒道诗骚思想内蕴的张衡诗文作为那个文化大交融时代的文学载体,不论是在文化史还是在文学史上都具有不容忽视的特出的典范意义。第四章讨论张衡诗文新变与文学的自觉。张衡是中国古代少有的诸体兼备的作家,并且其诗赋创作各领高标,现存诗文虽然不多,然字字珠玑,篇篇精美,其诗文创作的超越性独步于世,时人鲜有匹及,在中国文学发展史上有着卓越的地位。本章从三个方面对这一问题进行探讨:一是张衡诗文创作观念的新变;二是张衡诗文创作风格的新变;三是张衡诗赋中文体形态的新变。由此观之,张衡作为汉代文风转变的代表性人物,其诗文创作所具有的标界意义在汉代乃至整个中国古代文化史上都具有不可替代的特出地位。第五章挖掘了张衡诗文中所展示的风俗文化景观。张衡诗文创作的超拔性还在于他对俗文化的精通与热爱,作为著名的博学通儒,其诗文中涉及到大量的风俗文化,不仅为后人研究历史民俗留下了弥足珍贵的文字材料,而且还构成了张衡诗文波澜壮阔、五彩缤纷艺术世界之不可或缺的一部分。合此五章,我们可以发现:张衡诗文创作不仅展现出这位“三才理通”的全才打通学科门户,有容乃大的博大气象,而且在中国文学发展史上,张衡所具有的承启意义是特出的,其所具有的开拓性、先锋性对后世产生了积极而深远的影响。因此,我们可以毫不夸张地说.斯人斯文衣被万代,芳泽千古,对这位伟人的研究与关注也将任重而道远。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an eminent scientist, thinker, and writer in middle period of Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng has the remarkable status in the Han Dynasty and even in the whole history of China. This dissertation is a more comprehensive research on Zhang Heng’s writings from all perspectives in an attempt to show that Zhang Heng’s writings have rich cultural infiltration and function as transitional medium in the long history of Chinese ancient literature. The dissertation consists of six chapters including the Introduction part.The introduction part elaborates significance of topic selection and the research methods and makes a general literature review about Zhang Heng studies. The past researches about Zhang Heng’s writings place more value on his writing by collections, comments and notes. In the modern age, the research about his writing gradually makes brilliant achievements, but fails to make comprehensive research..The first chapter discusses relationship of Zhang Heng’s writings to the political and academic background in middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The social complexity not only displays in politics from superiority to decline, dictatorship, chaotic royal government, study deterioration, dissolution of the theology study, but also displays in Buddha which is popular to the gentleman thought of "searching truth" which has great impact upon the intelligentsia. Zhang Heng’s writings demonstrate panorama of this complicated history comprehensively. His writings get involvement in politics, academic, thought and culture and so on, multi-dimensionally embody the relationship between literature and politics, literature and the study of Confucian classics, literature and theology as well as literature and thought of "searching truth". This chapter has the general remarks nature, may also invent mutually with the later word.The second chapter probes the emotion course Zhang Heng unfolds in his writings. In view of Zhang Heng’s life, his creation and experiences can be marked by seven periods in his life, which outlines completely his personal spirit as a scholar, be at lost and give more attention to learning , and search for a spiritual home. His writings are the miniature of his age, the mirror of the class of intellectuals and variation of careful and precise in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng’s writings have also demonstrated his self consciousness and determination: The scholar should distance himself from politics, show his indifference to the followers of the rich and the powerful, which symbolizes the awakening of individual consciousness.The third chapter discusses about the Confucian complementation, the temporary credit of The Book of Songs and The Odes of Ch’u, the northern and southern confluence, the transitional function of Zhang Heng’s writings under this cultural background. In the pre-Qin period, the northern and southern culture did not fuse. The North inherits the culture of heavy rational spirit’s ethics while the South maintains the system of romance and affection. In the Han Dynasty, following political unification, the age of the cultural blending approached. It deviates from the previous inheritance of the culture and develops with the cultural modes of expansion, communication and unification. The system in the South influences the North while the system of the North generally penetrates into the South. The cultural blending comes to its maturity in the age of Zhang Heng. Zhang Heng’s writings, as the carrier of the Confucianism, Taoism, and The Book of Songs and The Odes of Ch’u, can be viewed as a significant model in Chinese cultural and literary history.The fourth chapter discusses changes in Zhang Heng’s writings and his understanding of literature. Zhang Heng is an exceptional writer in ancient China who writes with different genres. His poetry, rare as they are is full of gem-like words. His writings can not find its rivals at the time and have the remarkable status in the Chinese literature history. This chapter focuses on three points: Firstly, the changes and ideas in his writings; Secondly, new changes in his styel; Thirdly, new changes in the textual arrangement and publications. Therefore, Zhang Heng, as the representative of literary stylein Han Dynasty, has the unreplaceable and prominent status in the Han Dynasty and even in the whole China.The fifth chapter has unearthed the folk culture in Zhang Heng’s writings. The uniqueness of Zhang Heng’s writings originates from his familiarity and love for the folk culture. As a learned and well-versed scholar, Zhang Heng involves the folk culture in his abundant accounts, which leave behind the precious materials for us and forms as an indispensable part of the magnificent and colorful artistic world of Zhang Heng.We find from our study that Zhang Heng’s writings have gone through the borders of different disciplines. He has great impact on the later generations on account of his existence as a transitional medium, his potential and pioneer. Therefore, we still have a long way to go to give more attention to him and his writings .更多还原