【作者】 王昊；

【导师】 赵杏根；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文以中国域外题材小说为研究对象,从小说文本出发,展现历朝各代的域外题材小说的创作状况,并兼及其传播和接受。从而梳理出域外题材小说在漫长的中国小说史上的发展脉络和风貌特征,并探求隐含在其中的主客观原因。引言部分,总体上阐述了影响域外题材小说创作的主客观原因,指出了中国近代域外题材小说较之古代,其面貌发生质的改变,其中的根本原因来自历史。并说明了本篇论文所需研究资料的来源,及其不足之处。正文分为上、下两编,上编为中国古代域外题材小说研究,下编为中国近代域外题材小说研究。上编共七章。第一章先秦时期的域外题材小说,这一时期的域外题材小说文本的代表是《山海经》和《穆天子传》,其作者是氏族的巫觋,他们掌控着政权结构中的文化霸权,使得其对于域外的建构有着强烈的实用性和政治性的目的,具有国民教科书的性质。第二章秦至南北朝时期的域外题材小说。此时的域外写作权由从先秦享有崇高社会地位的巫觋,下降为地位卑贱的神仙方士及道教徒。域外写作也成为他们重新角逐政治权利的干谒书。为此他们一改先秦孤清冷寂的神仙形象,大力完美着神仙形象和神仙世界,并将域外奇人奇物都笼罩上了成仙和不死的光环。并借助统治阶级的喜好,不单赢得了显赫的政治地位和经济利益,更使得普通民众对此顶礼膜拜。第三章唐代的域外题材小说。这一时期中外交流空前繁盛,此时的域外题材小说题材多样,内容丰富,写作风格上,既有搜奇显怪的,又有真实平易的。开放与强盛的唐帝国,心胸博大的唐代文人共同促进了这一时期域外题材小说的大繁荣。第四章宋元时期的域外题材小说。宋元时期的域外题材小说种类非常少,集中在海外奇遇和海外奇人奇物两方面,这与宋代繁盛的海上贸易、元代空前绝后的巨大版图极不协调,这一状况是宋元两代文人内敛、压抑的心态造成的。第五章明代的域外题材小说。由于统治阶级对于宗教的偏爱和倡导,三教合流的力度明显加强,加之阳明心学的“亲民论”大力提升了小说的地位,而市民阶层的壮大又为小说写作提供了巨大的阅读群体,使得明代的域外题材小说呈现出泛宗教化的倾向,宣教小说和神魔小说成为两种主要类别。第六章清代的域外题材小说。清代奉行闭关锁国的外交政策,文化专制极端严酷,考据之学昌盛,从而形成了荒诞寓意小说和才学小说两大类型的域外题材小说。第七章在前六章我们初步探讨了从先秦到清中期域外题材小说的发展脉络的基础上,从作者、传播和接受三个角度对古代域外题材小说进行总结和概括。下编共六章,展现了中国近代域外题材小说的风貌特征。第八章为近代域外题材小说总论,第一节描述了从1840年到1900年间域外题材小说的创作情况,总体上风貌变化不够显著,呈现出极大承袭性,但其中一部分小说体现出西学东渐的重要影响,孕育了域外题材小说突变的新基因。第二节重点分析了1900年后域外题材小说大繁荣的原因,首先在于晚清知识分子群体的自觉向西方学习道路的开启和由此带来的知识结构的变更。其次,科举制度的日益衰败直至诏停,随之兴起的新式学堂教育和留学教育提供给他们认识、了解西方的途径,重整知识结构、突破固式思维。再次,在改革之路上的一次次受挫,使得他们深入思考到民众启蒙的重要性,在借鉴西方的经验基础上,他们发现了小说的这种极易普及的通俗文体独特宣传作用,利用小说来启悟人民的心智。梁氏发起的“小说界革命”使得中国小说创作从此迈入了一个崭新的发展阶段,小说地位的空前提高与小说作为救世工具的提出,配合着知识分子日益丰厚的西学新知,迎来了具有启蒙民众、疗救国家等重要作用域外题材小说的大繁荣。总括了1900年后域外题材小说的概貌,并加入了对古已有之以搜奇显怪为内容的域外题材小说的评述。第九至十二章,以域外题材小说的内容进行分类,分而述之。第九章弱国子民的酸辛和异化,主要是描写出洋留学和打工的中华儿女,及其在帝国主义经济入侵下,甘心为奴的洋务买办。作者们在抒写域外子民悲惨境遇,感时伤事的同时,都在着意展现着一种带泪的希望。虽然这些小说有一些并没有卒篇,但从其前面的描写来看,小说的发展都在朝着期望迈进着,没有一部小说仅仅停留在描写主人公们悲戚的域外遭遇上,而是将他们苦痛的经历作为其奋起反抗、争取权益的铺垫来处理的。这些小说构成了晚清末世蔚为壮观的人民奋发抗争史。但同时我们还注意到,小说家对于前途希望的探索上都有着虚幻和不现实的倾向。第十章小说主要描写帝国主义侵略战争和中国外交。在这一系列的描写中外战争的小说中,我们可以看出,首先小说作者们都保持了高度的政治敏锐性,选择了这几次对于中国政局走向影响至为关键的中外大战作为写作题材。这些小说还可以分为写战小说和析战小说两种不同的类型。但是我们同时也注意到,这一系列小说小说存在的弊病。首先是写战小说展现史实过度平铺直叙和粗枝大叶,这使得它们对于战争的展现的广度和深度都非常有限。其次,是析战小说的作者们对于历史的认识和分析都存在着不同程度的偏颇。第十一章以外国历史为写作对象,继承了中国的史学传统,以期有所借鉴,既可以分为真实型的和虚幻型两种,还可以分为以书写外国历史,实则警醒国人,砥砺民志,和借写外国历史来宣传救国救民之路两种,后一种下文将要论述救国出路类型的小说有着密切的联系和异曲同工的作用,不再侧重传播爱国思想和发扬激励作用,更多显示出知识分子对于国家出路的不懈探索。第十二章为域外文明的传播与接受,分为救国思想、女性解放思想、文化固守论三个方面。救国思想分为支持改良和力主革命两种,对于近代的女性解放运动,有支持,分为激进狂热和循序渐进两种,也有批判和反对。第十三章为1900年后近代域外题材小说的小结。总结了此时域外题材小说较之古代,在创作、传播和接受上显示出迥然不同的风貌特征,虽然不可避免其艺术价值不高的尴尬局面,但却实现了域外题材小说创作的质的飞跃。近代域外题材小说登上了中国域外题材小说创作的巅峰期。第十四章为全书小结,概括了从古代域外题材小说到近代域外题材小说所发生的质的转变,并在小说史的角度总结了中国域外题材小说的发展趋向和研究价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Abroad materials-about fictions in Chinese literature were studied. Their writting, spread and acceptance at different dynasties were investigated. The scheme of their development, aspect and purpose were figured out.In the introduction section, the objective and subjective factors affecting the abroad materials-about fictions writting were discussed. It was pointed out that the most essential cause for the great difference between the ancient and modern abroad materials-about fictions is the vastly different historic background. At the end of this section, the source of the researching materials and the insufficiency of this thesis were indicated.According to above-mentioned reason, the thesis was divided into two parts, the first part for the ancient abroad materials-about fictions (before 1840) and the second part for the modern ones (1840-1911).In the first chapter, abroad materials-about fictions before Qin Dynasty (221 BC) was discussed.Shan-Hai Classic and Mu Tianzi Biography were the most important two abroad materials-about fictions of this period. The authors were the wizards or shanmans, who controlled the culture of the kingdom, so these fictions had obvious practical and political purpose, which made it as textbook for the tribe members.From Qin dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the writers of abroad materials-about fictions were no longer the nobile wizards or shanmans, but the mean warlocks and alchemists. As a result, the purpose of their writting abroad materials-about fictions turned to pursing political rights for themselves. In order to get this aim, they needed to favor the rulers and acquire the common people’s worship, so the immortal and immortal world in their fictions became more and more beautiful and attractive.Tang dynasty enjoyed the heydays of ancient China and the bloom of international communications. The abroad materials-about fictions had also gotten vast development during this period. A lot of new subjects and writting styles emerged and the scholars became the writers.However, abroad materials-about fictions met a big depression during Song and Yuan dynasty, in spite of the prosperous international trade in Song and vast territory of Yuan. The reasons attributed to the passive and depressive attitude of the writers. The subjects of abroad materials-about fictions focus on exotic experience and exotic people.Because of the emperors’ favorite for religions and the mergence of three major religions, religious topics became the major subject of abroad materials-about fictions in Ming Dynasty. At the same time, the status of fictions increased greatly as the result of the popularity of Yangming’s idealistic aesthetics, and the number of readers also increased as the result of city expansion.The seclusion diplomatic policy, severe culture autocracy and prosperity of textology made the absurd allegorical fictions and talent-exhibiting fictions the major two type abroad materials-about fictions in former Qing dynasty .The primary scheme of abroad materials-about fictions development from former Qin dynasty to former Qing dynasty was figured out in the first part. And then these fictions was summarized according to their authors, spread and acceptance.In the second part, the modern Chinese abroad materials-about fictions (1840-1911) was investigated.The abroad materials-about fictions written between 1840 to 1900 did not show obvious changes except some hints of influences from western culture invasion. While when time came to 20th century, the abroad materials-about fictions got great development, and then the causes were discussedIn the following chapters, abroad materials-about fictions of later Qing dynasty was investigated separately according to the following topics: firstly, the miserable life of Chinese people abroad as workers or students and the rich but shameful, slavishly and abnormal life of compradors; secondly, the evil invasive wars started by the imperialistic nations and diplomacy situation of China; thirdly, the historic story of foreign and imaginary nations; fourthly, the spread and acceptance of exotic culture.The differences between ancient and modern abroad materials-about fictions in writting, spread and acceptance were summarized in the next chapter. It could be concluded that the Chinese abroad materials-about fictions leap greatly in the modern time and reach the climax. On the other hand, most of these abroad materials-about fictions faced the shortcoming of lack of art value.The thesis was summarized in the last chapter, The differences between ancient and modern abroad materials-about fictions were emphasized again from the view of comparative literature. And the developing scheme of abroad materials-about fictions was indicated from the view of fiction history.更多还原