【作者】 胡晓芳；

【导师】 乔耀章；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 政治学理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 通过对公共性的历史轨迹之追寻即可发现,国内外学者对公共性的关注十分宽泛,不同的学科和领域侧重从不同的视角对其进行研究。本论文基于历史演进的视角,对西方学者的相关研究成果进行了历时性的梳耙,同时立足学科界分的角度对中国学者关于公共性的有关研究文献进行了共时性的推介,向读者较为全面地展现出一幅异彩纷呈的公共性画面,并使人们对公共性问题形成系统性认识。在对公共性的文献研读过程中,笔者发现,虽然我国学术界硕果累累,但令人遗憾的是,学术界在缺乏对公共性概念界定的情况下就直接使用这个概念来研究相关问题,不仅如此,而且我们在研究公共性问题的时候,学科意识相对不足,亦即在不同学科中,都笼统地使用公共性这个术语,更增加了该术语使用上的模糊性和不确定性。因此,笔者试图在对行政领域中的公共性即行政公共性概念作出界定的情况下,从政治行政的分合和理论流派的演进之双重维度来研究行政公共性问题。行政公共性是一个历史的概念,它应该被置于历史的语境中言说。在前威尔逊时期,行政学作为一门独立学科尚未诞生,行政公共性尚孕育于政治学的母体之中。古希腊和古罗马留给我们的关于公共性的宝贵遗产不容忽视。自然法思想、社会契约论的倡导者以适合当时情境的人性假设为基础,从政府代表公共的契约精神出发阐述了公共性;代议制是基于政府公共性与完全按公共性操作的不可能性之间的矛盾而设计;分权制衡的思想则为政府公共性提供制度设计。这些理论为行政公共性的研究提供了思想渊源和理论依据。在威尔逊时期,政治行政二分法和官僚制理论勃兴,旨在终结“政党分肥制”,提高行政体系的效率,促使行政摆脱政治的干扰,独立于政治而形成了一门独立的科学。管理行政模式得以诞生,倡导行政价值中立,以工具理性和技术化手段去追求公共性,它仅仅实现了形式上的公共性,却丧失了实质性的公共性,导致了行政公共性的迷失。20世纪60年代,西方国家连续出现了一系列的社会、经济与政治危机,行政学因公共性的迷失而陷入了学科认同的危机。新公共行政学派的学者批判了传统行政学理论仅关心效率和工具理性而忽视平等、公正等价值观念,以“社会公平”为核心价值,主张政治与行政的关联性、倡导民主行政模式等。在新公共行政学派的不懈努力下,公共行政重新回归政治,行政公共性终于获得新生。奥斯特诺姆的民主行政理论则彰显了行政学的民主基础,其宪政主义架构使行政获得了公共性,成为公共行政,从而捍卫了其合法性根基。20世纪80年代,为迎接新技术革命、经济全球化、政府财政危机、信任度下降以及管理低效的挑战,英、美等西方发达国家掀起了一场旷日持久的新公共管理运动,它具有强大的生命力,但辩证地看,新公共管理运动忽视公私差别、盲目崇拜市场,片面追求效率,而对公平、公共利益和民主等政治价值视而不见。管理主义所造就的“管理神话”逐步将公共性从西方行政学中抽离,并最终引发了行政公共性的衰降。社会在发展,理论在演进,这是一个永远都不会停止的过程。进入20世纪末,人类进入新全球化时代、知识经济时代,后现代主义思潮势不可挡,为新的理论产生提供了契机。在这种背景下,后现代公共行政理论和新公共服务理论得以诞生,它们正是回应这个时代的产物。后现代公共行政以其独特的话语理论开辟出了彰显行政公共性的话语途径,为公共行政领域开辟了新天地。新公共服务理论在对传统管理主义、新公共管理的批判之中不断成长,达成了与管理主义的兼容并蓄。新公共服务理论反对将政治行政二分法绝对化,认为政治行政的相互作用才构成完整的政府。在新公共服务理论中,政治与行政实现了融合,行政公共性得以张扬。回眸凝望西方行政学发展的百年历程,它就是一部探索和改进公共性的历史。在政治行政分合视阈中,政治行政的分与合同行政公共性的衰与兴呈现出显著的正相关关系,即“分衰合兴”。这为中国政治学与行政学提供了理论参考和实践指南,有助于我们少走弯路。为此,塑造“公共政府”是我国政府建设的愿景所在,中国政治学与行政学界要积极行动,立足为理论界贡献有效知识的同时,为实践提供指引。更多还原

【Abstract】 It can be found that publicity has aroused the general concern of scholars at home and abroad through retrospection of the history of publicity. It also shows that different subjects and fields focus on different research directions. Based on the process of history evolution, this paper summarizes the research results of Western scholars and introduces the Chinese research literature from the angle of scientific division,hopefully to bring out a integrated scene of publicity to readers and make the systematic knowledge of publicity root in people’s mind.In the process of looking up and reading the literature about publicity,I have unfortunately found that though achievements have been made in China,academic circles directly research into related problems under the condition that there is not a clear definition to the concept of publicity. Worst of all, we generally use the term“publicity”in different subjects when exploring something about publicity, thus leading to the uncertainty and indistinction of this term. Therefore,under the precondition of making a clear definition of administration publicity I attempt to explore it from the angle of separation and unity between politics and administration and the theory schools development.Administration publicity should be discussed in combination with history because it is a historical concept. Before the era of Wilson,as a separate subject, administration publicity breeds in the womb of politics,the precious legacy about publicity from ancient Greece and Roam is of benefit to us. The advocators natural thoughts and social contract firstly expound“publicity”from the contract spirit that government represents; the representative system of government is established based on the contradiction between government publicity and impossibility depending on publicity totally, while the idea of division of power is the basis of government publicity. The theories provide a possible frame for government publicity on the one hand,and make up the source of administration publicity. In the era of Wilson,policy-administration dichotomy and the theory of bureaucracy flourish, hopefully to ends“Booty-sharing system”,make administration get rid of the disturbance of politics, improve the efficiency of administrative systems,contribute to the separation of administration from politics,thus leading to the birth of a new scientific subject. Management administration advocates the neutrality of administration,pursuing“publicity”by the means of instrument and technology. However,it realizes this goal only from forms,not from essence,leading to losing administration publicity.In 1960’s,along with a series of social,economic,and political crisis took places in Western countries,administration fell into the crisis of being accepted because of its losing publicity. The scholars of new public administration schools sharply criticized the traditional public administration theory that only focused on efficiency and instrumental ration,ignored the value of equality and justice,held the relativity between politics and administration and advocated the democratic administration pattern on the basis of the core value of“society equality”. Public administration came back to politics, and finally administration publicity revived.“Ostrom’s democratic administrative theory displayed the democratic base of publicity,the constitutionalism of which made administration gain publicity,thus defending its legitimate.In 1980’s,in order to meet the challenge of new technological revolution,economic globalization, government financial crisis, increasing confidence and low efficiency of management, some Western countries,such Britain and America launched a long-drawn-out new public management movement, which had a strong power to survive. But new public management movement ignored the difference between public and individuals,worshiped blindly“market value”,put undue emphasis on efficiency, and ignored the essential value of democratic society.“Management Myth”proceeding from“managerialism”is gradually making“publicity”break away from western administration,eventually leading to the decline of administrative publicity.With the development of society, the theory mentioned above is becoming riper and riper, which is an advancing process. In the end of 20 century,human beings stepping into the era of globalization and knowledge economy society,the overwhelming post modernism trend almost has an impact on all subjects,without exception of public administrative sphere. Under such background,the theory of postmodern public administration and new public service comes on stage. Postmodern public administration opens up a new discourse path displaying administration publicity according to its unique discourse theory. New public service keeps developing in the process of criticizing traditional managerialism and new public management and it also incorporates managerialism.When managerialism doesn’t prevent publicity being realized,politics and administration merge each other. Therefore,administration publicity develops.Looking back on the 100-year course of Western public administration,the 100-year history of public administration is a process of exploration and improving publicity. In the separation and unity between politics and administration,there is significantly correlated relationship between the separation and unity of politics and administration and the boom and boon of administration publicity,namely“Separation means boon and unity means boom”,which provides guidance for Chinese politics and public administration and helps us avoid detours. Establishment of“public government”is a long-term goal in China Therefore,the circle of politics and administrative theory in China should take actions to provide guidance for practice while contributing to effective theory,which is the new mission that the circle of politics and administration must undertake. Tues,we can draw an important conclusion that the publicity is necessary and it is the first beginning of the Pubic Administration,and the publicity is the media of the politic and Administration.更多还原