【作者】 刘建华；

【导师】 牛俊义；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物生态生理， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 陇东是甘肃省的主要粮食产区,研究和分析该地区主要作物的生产潜力,明确其主要制约和影响因素,对提高现实农业生产力、加快农村经济发展、提高农民收入水平具有重要意义。本研究应用田间试验方法,设置施肥量、密度、品种等因素,并结合大面积高产田调查,对陇东旱塬主要农作物——冬小麦和玉米生产潜力进行了估算,取得了如下主要结果:1.明确了不同肥密水平下冬小麦、玉米部分生理参数的变化范围冬小麦成熟产品含水率变幅在0.122～0.144%之间,平均值为0.131%。呼吸消耗占光合产物的比例变幅在0.5513～0.5678之间,平均值为0.5573。叶面积订正系数变幅在0.4826～0.7807之间,平均值为0.6278;玉米成熟产品含水率的变幅在0.154～0.167%之间,平均值为0.155%。呼吸消耗占光合物的比例变幅在0.4736～0.5324之间,平均值为0.4962。叶面积订正系数变幅在0.5456～0.5910之间,平均值为0.5687。冬小麦和玉米成熟产品的含水率、呼吸消耗占光合产物的比例、叶面积订正系数等生理指标计算结果均较为集中,受肥密水平影响不大。2.探讨了不同肥密水平下冬小麦、玉米对温度的响应机制冬小麦和玉米的热量订正系数随不同生育时期而异。小麦的热量订正系数大小次序为:抽穗期>开花期>灌浆期>拔节期>起身期>收获期>越冬期>分蘖期>三叶期>苗期>返青期;玉米热量订正系数大小次序为:灌浆期>成熟期>抽雄期>拔节期>苗期。肥密水平对冬小麦、玉米热量订正系数有一定程度的影响,但无显著差异。冬小麦和玉米各月温度订正系数差异较大,呈显著差异(p<0.05),说明温度对冬小麦和玉米生长的调控作用较大。3.研究了不同肥密水平对冬小麦、玉米产量的影响不同品种、不同肥密水平处理冬小麦产量均产生显著差异(p<0.05)。“陇鉴301”与“1R17”之间产量差异达极显著(p<0.01)水平,“宁麦5号”与“1R17”之间产量差异达显著(p<0.05)水平。冬小麦“陇鉴301”在施肥量(纯N)210 kg·hm-2、密度420万粒·hm-2处理下产量最高,为4188.093kg·hm-2,宁麦5号亦表现出同样的规律;1R17在施肥量(纯N)105 kg·hm-2、密度420万粒·hm-2处理下产量最高,为3018.175 kg·hm-2。在品种、肥料和密度三因素互作下,陇鉴301在施肥量(纯N)210 kg·hm-2、密度420万粒·hm-2处理下产量最高,为4188.093 kg·hm-2,与其它处理间产量均呈显著差异(p<0.05);玉米单一品种试验表明,在施肥量(纯N)180 kg·hm-2、密度67500株·hm-2、处理下产量最高,为17089.66 kg·hm-2,与其它处理呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。4.确定了不同肥密水平对冬小麦、玉米经济系数的影响在不同肥密水平下,冬小麦经济系数变幅为0.290～0.531,平均值为0.372;玉米经济系数变幅为0.4328～0.5812,平均值为0.5066。不同肥密水平处理冬小麦、玉米的经济系数结果均较为集中,说明肥密因素对经济系数的调控作用不大。5.估算了冬小麦和玉米温度、水分、土壤等各级修订参数冬小麦温度订正系数为0.5946,水分订正系数为0.367,土壤订正系数为0.7267;玉米温度订正系数为0.8018,水分订正系数为0.152,土壤订正系数为0.7262;考虑光、温、水、土等自然生态因子及施肥、耕作措施等农业技术因子,对光合生产潜力进行了逐级订正,确定陇东地区冬小麦生产潜力最高为6757.44 kg·hm-2,玉米生产潜力最高为17089.66 kg·hm-2。6.陇东地区影响作物生产潜力实现的主要因素为温度和降水陇东地区温度、降水等相对缺乏,是影响实现作物生产潜力的主要因素;冬小麦和玉米水分生产潜力指数都不过半,确定水分是限制当地作物生产潜力的主要因子;在栽培措施中,保水和提高水分利用率是最为有效的高产措施。不同作物对资源的利用能力不同。冬小麦的热量生产潜力指数为0.69,而玉米的热量生产潜力指数达到0.85。在陇东地区扩大玉米种植面积,可以更加充分地利用当地光温等自然资源,提高粮食生产能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 East part of Gansu province is the main food production area. It is essential to study the productive potential of main native crops as well as its key limiting factors for raising actual productivity, speeding rural economy development, and increasing income of farmers. Field experiment, designed in three-factor modle (the amount of fetilizer, planting density and cultivar) and combined with massive investigation of hi-yield field, was conducted to evaluate productive potential of the two dominant crops--winter wheat and corn in Longdong dryland. The main results show as follows.1. The changing range of some physiological indicators of winter wheat and corn under different fertilizer and density level. The water rate of mature winter wheat varied from 0.122% to 0.144%, the average was 0.131%. The ratio of respiration consumption to photoproduct varied from 0.5678 to 0.5513, the average was 0.5573. The revision index of leaf area showed a range from 0.7807 to 0.4826, the averge was 0.6278. To mature cron, the water rate appeared in a range from 0.154% to 0.167%, the average was 0.155%. Its ratio of respiration consumption to photoproduct changed from 0.4736 to 0.5324, the average was 0.4962. Its revision index of leaf area changed from 0.5910 to 0.5456, the average was 0.5687. The caculating results specified as above all changed in a small range, showing fertilizer and density affected little on all these physiological indicators.2. The response mechanism of winter wheat and corn to tempreture under different fertilizer and density level. The heat revision index(HRI) of winter wheat and corn varied with growth stage. The HRI of winter wheat ranged in order of heading stage>blooming stage>filling stage>jointing stage>rising stage>harversting stage> wintering stage>tillering stage>tri-leaf stage>seedling stage>turning stage, and that of corn was filling stage>mature stage>tasselling stage>jointing stage>seedling stage. The influnce caused by fetilizer and density on HRI of winter wheat and corn appeared to some extent, but not considerable. The monthly temperature revision index(TRI) of winter wheat and corn significantly varied(p<0.05), illistrating tempreture produced notible regulation and control on growth of winter wheat and corn.3. The influnce of fitilizer and desity on yield of winter wheat and cron. Amoung the treatments under different fitilizer and density level, the output markedly varied(p<0.05). The variation between“Longjian 301”and“IR17”reached to the most significant level ( p<0.01), and“Ningmai5”had significant difference (p<0.05) with“IR17”. The output of“Longjian301”, 4188.093 kg·hm-2 under applying net N 210 kg·hm-2 and sowing 4.2 millin kenels·hm-2,topped the list of all its designed treatments,“Ningmai5”showed the same tendency. The output of“IR17”, 3018.18 kg·hm-2 under applying net N 105 kg·hm-2 and sowing 4.2 millin kenels·hm-2, took the highest of all its designed treatments. With the interaction amoung cultivars, fertilizer and density, the output of“Longjian301”, 4188.093 kg·hm-2 under applying net N 210 kg/hm2 and sowing 4.2 millin kenels·hm-2, took the top and showed significant difference with other treatmens. The output of corn, 17089.66 kg·hm-2 under applying net N 180 kg·hm-2 and planting 67500 pill·hm-2, was significantly above (p<0.01) that of other treaments.4.The affection of fertilizer and density level on economic coefficient of winter wheat and corn under different fetilizer and densiry level. The changing range of economic coefficient of winter wheat and corn was from 0.290 to 0.531, the average was 0.372, and that of corn was from 0.4328 to 0.5812, the average was 0.8066. The econiomic coefficient of the two crops under difficient fertilizer and density level varied in a small range, indicating fertilizer and density had little regulation and control on ecobomic coefficient.5. The revision index of winter wheat and corn. The tempreture revision index, water rivision index and soil revision index of winter wheat were 0.5946, 0.3670 and 0.7267 respectively, and that of corn were 0.8018, 0.1520 and 0.7262 respectively. Considering natural ecological factors including light, tempreture, water amd soil, as well as faming technique factors covering fertilizing and cultivating methods, the revision of photosynthetic production potential was made step by step. The consequence showed that the maximum productive potential of winter wheat was 6757.44 kg·hm-2 respectively, and that of corn was 17089.66 kg·hm-2 respctively in East part of Gansu province.6. Ttempreture and rainfall were key impacting factors to the realization of crops’pertential produtivity in East area of Gansu. Tempreture and rainfall which are relatively vacancy in Longdodng region, are the main factors to decide whether crops can realize their productive potential or not. The water potential productivity index of winter wheat and corn were all not mare than 50%, so water was the main limiting factors for the native crops to realize their productive potential. In terms of cultivation measures, it is the most efficient hi-yield method to maintain soil water and improve its efficiency. Different crops have different capability to utilize resources. The heat potential productivity index of winter wheat was 0.69, and that of corn was 0.85, thus envolving that planting corn to a big scale in East part of Ganxu can make full of use natural resources and raise total food production.更多还原