【作者】 王永超；

【导师】 冯春田；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文以《新校元刊杂剧三十种》和《近代汉语语法资料汇编》(元代明代卷)所辑文献作为基础研究对象,在定量统计的基础之上,通过历时与共时的比较,对其中的代词进行了穷尽性描写和分析,以展示元明时期汉语代词系统的基本面貌,探索其发展演变的规律。全文四章,加上结语共计五个部分。第一章是“绪论”。全章分5节。第一节“与代词有关的几个基本问题”中,简要介绍了学界对代词性质认识的历程、各家对代词的定义以及学界对代词能否单独立类、代词是实词还是虚词、代词的下位分类如何等问题的看法。第二节“汉语代词研究简况与元明时期代词研究现状”,主要回顾与描述了汉语语法学界在代词尤其是元明时期代词问题上的研究成果,对其中得失做了客观评价。第三节“元明时期汉语代词研究的意义及依据的语言材料”,主要从断代语言研究对于汉语史研究的必要性以及选择代词这一语法项目进行研究的可行性和重要性等方面阐述了对元明时期汉语代词加以研究的意义、价值;对所用语料的代表性做了说明。第四节“研究目标与研究方法”,陈述了论文期望达到的研究目标:对元明时期汉语代词系统做出全面、准确的描写、分析;对代词发展演变规律进行必要探讨等;还指出文章主要采用穷尽描写与例举分析法相结合、共时比较与历时比较相结合、传统语言学理论与现代语言学理论方法相结合的研究方法。第五节介绍了论文的引书体例,对文中符号进行了逐一说明。第二章是“人称代词”。全章共11个小节,它们依次是:第一人称代词、第二人称代词、第三人称代词、三身代词的非称人用法、语言接触与复数词尾“们”、三身代词的转换、“知他……”结构式中“他”的语义指称功能考察、反身代词、旁称代词、统称代词以及其他人称代词。元明时期汉语人称代词系统各次系统(词项聚合)及其词项的使用情况较为复杂。具体来说,第一人称代词主要是“我、俺、咱”及其后附复数词尾“们”的复合形式等;单独使用表单数意义,“我”比“俺”普遍,“咱”更少见;“俺”主要作定语,性质不同、作者不同的文献差异明显;第一人称代词还有单独使用时表泛称、模拟某人口气说话时或在间接引语中称代该人、在直接引语中称代说话者自己等特殊用法。第二人称代词包括“你、您(恁)、尔、伊”等,表单数意义时,主要用“你”,“您、恁”少见;“你”的句法功能全面,“恁”表单数则均作定语,“您”与“恁”相比,文献分布广泛,句法功能也比较全面。第三人称代词主要是“他(它)、伊”等;“他”是此期最重要的第三人称代词。三身代词单独使用时,都既可表单数意义,也可表复数意义。可见,在表示数范畴时,元明时期汉语中的表达方式是复杂多样的。反身代词“自、己、自己、自家”等;这些词项在元明时期汉语文献中分布差异较大,“自”普遍见于各种文献;“己”基本上只用于跟其他语言单位组合成凝固的语言形式中;“自家”反身代词用法之外另有用如第一人称代词的例子,但没有检到其他文献中常见的用如第一人称包括式“咱”的例子;同“自家”相比,“自己”全部用为反身代词。旁称代词“他(他家)、“他(它)人、旁人、别人”等形式中,“别人”是最常见的旁称代词,其他形式都较少见。统称代词“大家”几种基础语料中都可以见到用例。其他人称代词则多是古代或近代汉语早期产生、存留下的“吾、朕、尔、汝、之、其、彼”等词项。虽然严格来说并不应将它们归入元明时期汉语代词系统之中,但是,鉴于它们往往出现于特殊的语言环境、或多或少发挥着特殊的语用功能,本文对其进行了必要的讨论。具体来说,第一人称代词“吾”的使用情况有如下几点值得注意:首先是意在仿古,其次是有跟其他单音节称谓词组合成熟语的倾向,最后,在戏剧作品中,剧中首次出场的“神灵”自报家门时使用,形成一种陌生感的语言形式,营造庄严、凝重的氛围。“朕”皇帝自称,用法如古汉语。“奴(家)”,《元刊》中不见,所见用例仅出现在南戏《元·小孙屠》与杂剧《明·团圆梦》中,均为女子自称。“妾(身)”也可以算是一个特殊的自称词,它的构成应该是由已经用于自称之后的“妾”与另一特殊第一人称代词“身”组合,而其所以能用于自称也是由其“有罪女子”的源义决定的,“妾(身)”从来都是用于女子自指。第二人称代词还存留有“尔、汝、伊”等,《元刊》中基本不见“尔”,《元》中仅在《宣和遗事》中使用,《明》中以《遇恩录》中所见较多,反映出的可能是洪武皇帝的个人言语习惯;“汝”各种语料中都不多,要么刻意仿古或征引古籍,要么用来协韵;“伊”用作第二人称代词不全是为了协韵,散文化的句子里也有。语言接触给本时期汉语代词系统造成了较大影响,复数词尾“们”在本期发展出很多不同于汉语传统表达方式的功能,如“数量词修饰N们”、“诸/众/些N+们”、“直接用在指示代词之后”、“用在非称人名词之后”、“VP+的+们”等形式。本章还从语境语用等方面对人称代词的基本用法及其发展规律进行了描写分析,对三身代词间的换用以及对“他”在“知他……”结构式中的语义、指称功能等问题也作了讨论。第三章是“指示代词”。全章从9个部分对元明时期汉语指示代词进行了讨论。这9部分依次是:“这/那”的指示用法、“这/那”的称代用法、方所指示代词、时间指示词“这早晚”、指示词“兀的(兀底、阿的、窝的)/兀那”、样态指示词语、遍指代词、旁指代词以及其他指示代词。具体来说,构成元明时期汉语指示代词系统的词项多样,用法复杂。用于指示和称代的“这/那”及其复合形式是这个系统中最活跃的成员,而且在具体的篇章句法环境中发展出了新的用法,比如基础语料中“这/那”可以用在专有名词之前,从语言类型学的角度看,这是指示词功能变化的一个反映。方所指示词主要是由指示词“这/那”与其他表方位的语素“里、壁、边、厢、壁厢”等结合而成的复合形式,其中“这里/那里”是唯一一对在三种文献中都出现、使用也最普遍的指示词,“这边/那边”的例子还不多,“这/那搭儿”、“这/那埚儿”等形式《明》中未见,只在《元刊》中较多见到,《元》中也不多。指称时间的“这早晚”三种文献中都可见到,但没有合音形式“这咱”等。“兀的”,基础语料中主要用于表近指,“兀那”少见,原因可能在于“兀那”是“兀”与“那”的同义连文,在主要以“那”表远指的元明时期“兀那”少见不足为奇。样态指示词主要有“恁”系词、“这们、那们、这般、那般”等,“恁”系指示词只在元代文献中检到,“恁”只用于指示,复合形式“恁的”既可以用于称代又可以用于指示,《元刊》中“恁般”、“恁末”只用于称代。遍指代词“每、各”功能上的差异,是由其与其他词类的组合中所体现出的选择性和限制性决定的。旁指代词“别的、别个、别、其他、其馀”等用例都不多。沿用古代汉语或近代汉语早期的指示词包括“此、彼、其、之、如此、如是、许、偌(惹)”等。论文从句法、语义、语用等多平面对它们进行了讨论。第四章是“疑问代词”。元明时期汉语文献中的疑问代词不仅包括在古代汉语中相沿习用的“谁、甚、何、那、几”等及其复合形式,还包括近代汉语新兴的“那的、那些、那里、多少、多咱、多早晚、甚的、甚么"等,体现出既存古、又发展的时代特点。本章用12个小节对这些疑问代词逐个进行了较为详细的描写、分析。它们分别是:问人代词“谁”及其复合形式、“谁+是+NP”和“NP+是+谁”中“谁”的性质考察、“甚么人”“甚人”“何人”“那个”和“那(一)个”、“谁”“甚人”“何人”“那(一)个”功能比较、“甚”系疑问代词、“那”系疑问代词、“怎’’系疑问代词、疑问代词“争”、疑问词“多少”与“多”、疑问词“早晚”“多咱”和“多早晚”、疑问代词“几”及其复合形式、“何”系疑问代词。具体地说,“谁”是元明时期汉语文献中最主要的问人代词,“谁人”语义上倾向于用于反诘,例子不多,“阿谁、谁家”用例罕见。在“谁+是+NP”和“NP+是+谁”2种句式中,无论“谁”处在系动词“是”之前还是之后都有可能成为对比焦点,即都可能形成表示择别的问句:“谁+是+NP”问句中“谁”意在指别;而在“NP+是+谁”中,当NP已经包含了多到足以将某人从某些人中区分、择别出来的信息时,“谁”以指别为询问重心。元明时期汉语文献中,“那个”仅出现在“WH+是+NP”问句中,“那一个”仅出现在“NP+是+WH”问句中,二者相同点在于都仅具指定性质。“甚么人、甚人”仅在“NP+是+WH”问句中出现,针对二者的答语都是描述性的。基础语料中,“甚、甚么”使用频率远高于“甚的”,《明》中几乎不用“甚的”,即使在元代文献中“甚的”用例不多且以用于询问为主,语义功能很受限制。《明》中“甚么”的绝对数量远多于“甚”,尤其在《老乞大》和《朴通事》中更是如此。可以说,“甚么”是明初最通用的询问人、事、物的疑问代词。“那里”是基础语料中最常见的方所疑问代词,语义功能全面。“怎"系代词中,“怎生”的语义、句法功能都较为多样,语义功能上以用于询问和反诘为主,句法功能上以作状语为多。“怎”几乎全用于表反诘,一概作状语。“怎的”绝对数量并不多。“怎么"到明代语料中,句法、语义功能上都丰富起来。“争”仅见于戏曲类文献,元代明代都有,只作状语,且多用于和数个单音节动词(“如、得”)等组合,藉反诘表否定。询问数量主要是“多少”,“多少”还可以问程度,也简省为“多”,《元刊》中有“多来大”2例,“多来大”中“多”是金、元时期文献中可见的“倒来大”中“倒”的音变形式,而不是“多少”的简省形式。“多咱”和“多早晚”基础语料中都有用例。“几”和其复合形式“几时”见频都很高。“几”多用于反诘。“几时”用于反诘和询问的比例相当。由“几”参与组合的其他复合形式及其用例都不多。最后是“结语”。本部分对元明时期汉语代词系统进行了较为细致地构建,对本系统的复杂性质作了简要总结;对研究中的发现、体会进行了初步概括,对语言演变规律、语言接触等社会语言环境与汉语发展间产生的互动等作了必要的思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper is based on the materials which extracted from Xinjiao Yuankan Zaju Sanshi Zhong and Jindai Hanyu Yufa Ziliao Huibian(Yuan&Ming Dynasties),the purpose of the research is to completely describe and analyze the pronouns included in these two books by the comparison of developments thread and contemparary thread. With the method of quantitative statistics,this paper tries to display us the basic characters of the Chinese pronouns system of Yuan&Ming Dynasties,and to look into the development rules of it.This paper will be divided into five parts.The first part is "introduction".And this part is divided into five sections.The title of the first section is "several basic issues concerning pronouns".In this section,the following issues are about to be answered:the academia’ s views about pronous,the definitions about pronous given by different scholars,the academia’ s views about whether pronous are notional words or empty words and the question of how to divided pronous.The title of the second section is "the present research situation of Chinese pronous and the contemporary research on Chinese pronouns in Yuan&Ming Dynasties". This section mainly reviews and describes the research achievements about pronouns of the academia,especially about pronouns in Yuan & Ming Dynasties,and it also makes objective comments on the research situation.The third section is "significance and materials of the research".This section is mainly about the necessities,feasibility and value of the research about pronouns in Yuan&Ming Dynasties,and also explains the representation of the materials which have been used.The fourth section "research purpose and methods" mainly explains the research methods used in this paper describe and analyzes comprehensively and precisely about Yuan & Ming pronouns system,to talk about the development rules of it.This section also explains the research methods, for example,the method of the combination of description and example analysis,the method of comparison from contemporary and developing layers of the pronouns,and the method of the combination of conventional and modern linguistic theories.And the last section explains the quotation regulations and directions of symbols used in the thesis. The second part is "the personal pronouns".This part is divided into eleven sections.They are as follows:the first personal pronouns,the second personal pronouns, the third personal pronouns,impersonal usages of personal pronouns,language contacts and the plural suffix "Men ",the variational usages of personal pronouns,Semantic and demonstrative functions of Ta in "ZhiTa......" structural style,reflexive pronouns,the pronouns demonstrating other people and things,the pronouns demonstrating people and and things in a general designation,other personal pronouns.Specificly to say,the Chinese presonal pronouns system of Yuan&Ming period includes the following smaller systems:the first personal pronouns " Wo,An,Zan" and so on;the second personal pronouns "Ni,Nin,Er,Yi" and so on;the third personal pronouns "Ta,Yi" and so on; the reflexive pronouns " Zi,Ji,Ziji" and so on;the pronouns demonstrating other people and things "Pangren,Bieren" and so on;the pronoun demonstrating people and and things in a general designation " Dajia";other styles of pronouns are mostly produced and preserved from the early periods of ancient and modern times,for example "Zhi,Qi,Bi" and others of the same style.Although precisely speaking they cannot be concluded into the system of Yuan&Ming pronouns,the paper also makes a brief analysis about them as they appeared in some special contexts and play specific functions more or less.Language contacts play a very important role in the constrution and influence on the Chinese pronouns system in these periods.This part also makes a description and analysis about the basic usage methods and development rules about personal pronouns from linguistic context and pragmatic angles.This part also includes the variational usages of the all personal pronouns.The third part is a "the demonstrative pronouns".The whole part analyzes Yuan&Ming demonstrative pronouns from the following nine sections.They are as follows:the deictic functions of "Zhe/Na ",the substantive functions of "Zhe/Na ",the demonstrative pronouns and phrases of location,the demonstrative pronoun "Zhe Zaowan",the demonstrative pronouns "Wude/Wuna",the adverbial and demonstrative pronouns and phrases,the demonstrative pronouns referring to and substituting all of people or things in a certain scope,the pronouns referring to other people and things in a certain scope,other styles of demonstrative pronouns.Specificly to say,the compoments of Yuan&Ming demonstrative pronouns are of many kinds: "Zhe/Na" and their multiple forms are the most active ones in this system and they have developed new usage manners in specific linguistic contexts.The demonstrative pronouns concerning positions are the multiple forms that are constituted by the most important demonstrative words in the neoteric Chinese period "Zhe/Na" and morphemes such as "Li,Bi,Bian,Xiang,Bixiang" and so on;the demonstrative pronoun "Zhe Zaowan ".The main adverbial and demonstrative pronouns are "Nen" and its other family words,"Zhemen,Namen,Zheban,Naban" and so on.The demonstrative pronouns referring to and substituting all of people or things in a certain scope are "Mei,Ge" and so on.The pronouns referring to other people and things in a certain scope are "Biede,Biege,Qita,Qiyu" and so on.The demonstrative pronouns dated from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese of the early period include " Ci,Bi,Qi, Zhi,Ruci,Rushi,Xu,Re" and so on.The paper discusses them from syntax,semantic and pragmatic angles.The fourth part is "the interrogative pronouns".The interrogative pronouns in Yuan&Ming literatures not only include the comprehensive styles such as "Shui,Shen, He,Na,ji" which have been continuely used in ancient Chinese,but also include the new ones such as "Nade,Naxie,Nali,Duoshao,Duozan,Duo Zaowan,Shende, Shenme" which are newly appeared ones in modern Chinese.This situation embodies the characters of the combinations of the preservation of old ones and continual developments.This part mainly describes and analyzes detailedly about these interrogative pronouns one by one,and it is divided into twelve sections as follows:the interrogative pronoun "Shui" and its compound forms;the researches on characters of interrogative pronoun "Shui" in structures of " Shui+Shi+NP" and "NP+Shi+Shui"; the interrogative pronouns "Shenmeren,Shenren,Heren,Nage,Na Yige";functions differences of "Shui","Shenren ","Heren ","Nage" and "Na Yige";the researches on the interrogative pronouns of "Shen" series,"Na" series," Zen" series,"He" family. This section also makes a detailed research of the interrogative pronoun "Zheng", "Duoshao ","Duo ","Zaowan ","Duozan ","Ji" and its multiple forms.The last part is the Conclusion.This part will carefully construct Yuan&Ming Chinese pronouns system,and then makes a concise conclusion about the complicated character about this system;and it will makes some preliminary conclusions about the finding and feeling of the research;this part also includes some reflctions about the development rules,the interaction relationships of linguistic atmosphere,for example, language contacts,and the developments of Chinese.更多还原