【作者】 董宝训；

【导师】 吕伟俊；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪30年代以来,随着弗洛伊德学派的兴起和文化人类学的发展,文化问题的研究成为人们探索和认识社会问题的一条重要途径。越来越多的学者开始更加重视主观变量在解释社会和政治现象方面的重要作用,关注社会宏观结构背后的文化结构、意识形态等因素,以求通过文化层面的分析把握社会的宏观运行规律。政治文化研究的兴起正是以此为背景的。加布里埃尔·A·阿尔蒙德把政治文化定义为一个民族在特定时期流行的一套政治态度、信仰和感情。并认为政治文化是由本民族的历史和现在社会、经济、政治活动进程所形成的。政治文化作为一种观念形态是特定社会的政治关系在人们意识中的反映,政治文化作为一种政治心理导向往往又是本民族的历史传统在民族心理中长久沉淀的结果。当代中国政治文化的形成是由1949年以来中国的社会环境、经济基础和政治结构等方面的因素决定的。但是文化的发展具有其自身的历史连续性,随着社会经济形态的变化,文化的类型也会发生相应的变化,然而文化类型的变化并不意味着文化发展的中断和旧文化的消失,相反每一种新的文化形态必然要继承和吸纳先前的文化成果。中国传统政治文化的核心内容主要体现在三个层次上:即由宗法制的社会结构所形成的家天下观念,由高度中央集权的君主专制传统所导致的国民的臣民角色认知以及政治伦理化和伦理政治化的意识形态体系。随着近代社会的巨大变迁,中国传统政治文化的核心价值受到西方文化的剧烈冲击,在中西文化的碰撞中,中国传统政治文化的核心价值或顽强地保留下来,或被部分地扬弃,或以变异的形式求得生存和延续。它们共同构成当代中国政治文化赖以生成和发展的基础。亚里士多德说:“人天生是一种政治动物。”这一命题从严格意义上说,它是就人的本质属性而言的。从人的本质来讲,人天然地属于一定的政治共同体,离开了一定的政治共同体,人类也就失却了生存的基础。人由自然人变成政治人是通过一系列政治社会化的步骤来实现的。所谓政治社会化是指人们在特定的政治关系中,通过社会政治生活和政治实践活动,逐步获得政治知识和能力,形成和改变自己的政治心理和政治思想的能动过程。从社会学的角度来说,一个社会的延续总是需要不断地产生出新的成员,这些新的成员需要学习在社会中业已存在的观念、习俗、技能、知识、信仰和规范。这个过程也正是人由自然人变成社会人变成政治人的过程。家庭、学校、单位社会、大众传媒和执政党仍然是当代中国政治社会化的主要载体,但由于社会政治生态的深刻变化,这些政治社会化载体不论其承载的政治社会化内容,还是其采取的社会化方式都呈现出自己的鲜明特色。每一种政治文化都有自己的核心价值取向,正是这种核心价值规定着政治文化的性质与性格,决定着政治共同体成员的思维方式和行为方式。当代中国政治文化的核心价值主要包括集体主义思想、社会主义理想、人民民主理念等几个方面。同样,任何一种政治文化都会有自己的政治伦理规范,有它的伦理向度。当代中国的政治伦理集中体现在如下几个方面:第一,强调政治道德的阶级性。第二,以“卑贱者”与“高贵者”的换位为表征的对社会精英概念的新理解。第三,“敌、我、友”的思维定势。第四,强调对党和国家的忠诚意识和对马克思主义、社会主义的坚定信念。第五,重内省自律,追求领导者的人格完善。特定的政治制度决定了社会大众特定的政治参与方式,当代中国政治参与的最大特点是动员性参与,而这种参与形式又与“从群众中来,到群众中去”的政治输入输出模式密切相关。考察一下当代中国政治参与的历史,尤其是改革开放以前的历史,很容易发现动员性参与是这一时期政治参与的一个非常显著的特点。动员性参与不仅是这一时期政治参与的表现形式,从某种意义上说,也是这一时期人们的一种政治生存状态。当代中国政治参与的动员性特点营造了一种特殊的政治环境,这种政治参与不免带有无序、杂乱的特点,但这种人为扩大化的政治参与也有利于人们在政治实践中提高政治认知能力,建立新的政治文化体系。当代中国的政治文化因其多民族的特性,加之幅员的广阔而形成的地区间发展的不平衡性以及所处的发展阶段等因素的影响,表现出明显的混合型特征和过渡性色彩。首先,由于当代中国刚刚从半殖民地半封建社会脱胎而来,传统社会的影响并不是一朝一夕所能摆脱的,现代文化的建立也不可能是一个一蹴而就的过程,因此它是传统政治文化与现代政治文化的混合。其次,由于上述原因,使当代中国的政治文化具有了明显的过渡性特征,因此它又是依附型政治文化与参与型政治文化的混合。自然,由于地区间发展的不平衡、文化的极端落后和幅员的广阔,地域型的政治文化也在相当程度上得以保持。一种政治文化的形成是多种因素合力作用的结果。理解当代中国的政治文化既要考虑政治制度和生产方式等基础性因素的作用,也要考虑具体的社会发展阶段、传统政治文化的构造、政治文化的变迁方式、社会大多数成员的政治认知能力等非基础性因素的影响。具体地说,在影响当代中国政治文化形成的各种因素中,既有现代的政治制度和公有制的生产方式等这些代表着社会进步力量的因素,也有诸如经济文化的落后、社会所处的发展阶段较低、传统文化的消极影响以及社会成员的整体政治认知能力与先进的政治制度还不相适应的情况。正是这种传统与现代的矛盾与融合,进步与落后的共振与妥协决定了当代中国政治文化的一些基本特征。这些特征主要表现为:第一,高度的国家认同意识。第二,公民相对较低的政治素质与较高的政治关注度。第三,法治观念淡薄,人治意识根深蒂固。第四,官本位思想与清官期盼意识。“左”倾思潮是当代中国的一个突出的文化现象,“左”倾思潮不仅极大地影响了当代中国的社会发展与政治走向,而且作为一种特定的、具有广泛支配性的叙事结构深深地左右着人们的思维方式和行为方式。当代中国政治文化中的阶级斗争思维定势、政治标签化、“革命”崇拜和领袖崇拜等等文化现象归根结底是“左”倾思潮对政治文化强行干预的结果。实践证明,一种政治文化的形成、发展与变迁是有其自身的规律的。脱离社会实际,脱离大多数人的生活经验,把一种主要是属于主观臆想中的东西强加给政治共同体的全体成员,结果必然会扭曲人们的政治心理导向,造成政治文化发展中的畸变。这种通过外力因素对人们的政治心理的持续地强行干预虽然在短时间内会收到相应的效果,并在一定程度上暂时改变政治文化的形态,但因其缺乏政治实践的有力支撑,这种病态的政治文化的维持终归是不能长久的。政治文化是政治系统的深层结构。作为一种观念形态,它是无形的,看不见的,但却是一种强有力的存在。在建设有中国特色社会主义的历史进程中,构建有中国特色的社会主义政治文化是其中的应有之意。要使改革开放前30年的政治文化与改革开放后的新型政治关系相适应,至少应进行三个方面的努力。第一,构建更加完善的社会主义价值体系。第二,创造合理、通畅、有序的制度环境,为公民政治参与提供制度性保障。第三,培养健康积极的公民意识,提高公民的政治素质。政治文化是政治行为的心理基础,政治行为是政治文化的表现形式。特定的政治理念和特定的制度环境会影响人们的政治心理活动,从而对人们的政治行为起到一种有效的调节作用,也正是人们的特定的政治行为决定着特定的政治发展过程。因此,政治文化作为政治秩序的一个重要维度是决定政治秩序稳定与否的重要因素。一个社会共同体要保持政治的稳定与和谐发展,没有一种和谐健康的政治文化的软性支撑是难以想象的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since 1930s, with the rise of Freud school of thought and development of the cultural anthropology, the cultural issues become an important way to explore and recognize the social problems. More and more of scholars have begun to attach importance to the important role of subjective variables in the interpretation of social and historical situation, pay close attention to the social macrostructure behind the cultural structure, ideology and other factors, so that to grasp the macro run law of society through the analysis of the cultural dimension. The rise of the research of political culture is on this background.Gabriel .Almond define the political culture a set popular political attitudes of a nation, beliefs and emotions. He also maintained that a political culture is formed by the notion’s history and current social, the economic and the process of the political activities. Political culture as a ideology are reflections of people’ consciousness in the particular society. Political culture as a navigation of political psychology is the results of the notion’s history and tradition long-term precipitation at the notional psychology. Contemporary Chinese political culture is formed by the Chinese society environment, economic foundation and political structure and other factors that since 1949. However, the development of culture has its own historical continuity, with the morphological changes in the socio-economic, the changes of the cultural type will happen corresponding, but the changes of the cultural type does not mean that the cultural development is disrupt and the old culture is disappear, on the contrary each new cultural patterns necessarily want to inherit and absorb the achievements of previous culture.The core content of the Chinese traditional political culture is mainly embodied in three levels: that is, the sense of the home of the world is result in the patriarchal social structure, the cognition of the subjects of a feudal ruler role is formed by the absolute monarchy and highly centralized traditions, as well as the ideological system of the politics ethicized and the ethics political. With the tremendous changes in modern society, the core value of traditional Chinese political culture was shocked by the western culture. At the collision of Chinese and western culture, the core values of the traditional Chinese political culture was or tenaciously retained, or tenaciously in part, or survival and continuity by the variant forms. They ware formed the foundation on which the contemporary Chinese political culture to being generation and development.Aristotle said: "a man is by nature a political animal." On the strict sense, what of Aristotle said is about the nature attribute of people. From the nature of people, the people must naturally belong to the political community, to leave a certain political community, humanity will lose their basic survival. From a natural person to a political person that was a series of the sociopolitical steps. So-called political society is that the people in a particular political relations, through the practice of social and political life and political activity, in that process the people gradually gain the political knowledge and the political ability and gradually to shape or change their political psychology and political thought. From a view of sociological point, a society would to being continuation, it always need to produce some new members uninterruptedly, these new members need to learn concepts, practices, skills, knowledge, beliefs and norms that was already existing in the society. This process is just that a person from a natural person into a society person. Families, schools, units of society, mass media and the ruling party is still the main carriers of political socialization in contemporary China, but because of the profound changes in social and political ecology, the carriers of political socialization has emerged of its own distinctive characteristics regardless of their content of political socialization and taken the way of political socialization.Each type of political culture has its own core values, it is this core value determines the nature of political culture and the people’ way of thinking and behavior patterns in the political community. The core values of contemporary Chinese political culture are including the thought of collectivism, the ideals of socialism, the ideals of people democracy, and so on. Similarly, any kind of political culture has its own code of political ethics and their ethical dimensions. Contemporary Chinese political ethics embodied in the following aspects: First, emphasize the class nature of political ethics. Secondly, with the small people and noble’s socio-position were changed that people’ concept of elite were corresponding changed. Third, the thinking type about enemies, we and friends. Fourth, emphasize the loyalty to the party and the country, and the firm conviction of Marxism and socialism. Fifth, emphasize the self-discipline and pursue the leader’s personality perfect.Specific political system decide the ways of the community’s political participation, in contemporary China, the most prominent feature of political participation is the mobilize participation, and such form of participation is closely related to the "from the masses, to the masses", a mode of political input and output. Look at political participation of contemporary Chinese history, especially the history of reform and opening up previously, it is easy to find that the mobilize political participation is the remarkable character during this period. The mobilize political participation is not only a manifestation of political participation, in a sense, it is also a people’s political survival status. Contemporary Chinese political participation and political mobilization create a special feature of the political environment, despite the way of political participation is inevitable with such as characteristic of disorder, but it is contribute to rise the people’s political ability in the political practice and to set up a new political cultural system.Because of the multi-ethnic character of contemporary Chinese political culture, in addition to the vast size and the formation of inter-regional imbalances in development and stage of development and other factors, contemporary political culture shows the characteristics of hybrid and transitional color. First of all, because the new China was just originated from the semi-colonial and the semi-feudal society that remove the impact of the traditional society is not in a overnight, and the modern culture has not set up in a quick process, so the contemporary Chinese political culture is mixed by the traditional political culture and the modern political culture. Secondly, because of the above reasons, so that the contemporary Chinese political culture has a obvious transitional characteristics, so it is also a mixed type of the dependent political culture and the participation political culture. Naturally, because of inter-regional imbalances in development and culture of extreme backwardness and the vast size, the narrow political culture has also been maintained in a certain extent.A political culture is the formation of variety of factors. Understanding of contemporary Chinese political culture have to consider the political system and the way of production, and the specific stage of development of society, the construction of traditional political culture, the most of the members’ political awareness capacity and other non-fundamental factors. Specifically, among a variety of factors in which to impact contemporary Chinese political culture, both the modern political system and production methods of public ownership that represent the factors of progressive forces, but also including the incompatible situation such as the backwardness of economic and cultural, the lower stage of society’s development, the negative impact of traditional culture as well as members of society’s political cognitive abilities incompatible the advanced system. It is just this contradiction and integration between tradition and modernity, resonance and compromise between progress and backwardness that decide some basic features of contemporary Chinese political culture. These characteristics are mainly as follows: First, a high degree of awareness of the nation. Second, citizen’s relatively low degree in political quality and a high degree in political attention. Third, the rule of law weak, sense of the rule of man deep rooted. Fourth, the appraise system with official standard and the psychology of look forward to clean-handed officials."Left" trends of thought in contemporary China are a prominent cultural phenomenon, "left" trends of thought not only greatly influenced the development of contemporary Chinese society and political trends, but also as a specific, broad-dominant narrative structure deeply influence the people’s way of thinking and behavior. In contemporary Chinese political culture, some phenomenon such as the mindset of class struggle, the political labeling, the worship of "revolution" and the worship of leaders is the result of "left" trends of thought forced intervention on the political culture. Practice has proved that the formation of a political culture including its development and change is the law of its own. Divorced from social reality and the majority of people’s life experience that one of the subjective thought on the entire political community members are bound to twist people’s political psychology-oriented and resulting cultural distortion in the process of political development. Therefore such morbid political culture should not last long. Political culture is the underlying structure of political system. As an ideology, it is intangible and invisible, but it is powerful presence. In the historical process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, to build socialism political culture with Chinese characteristics is one of proper meaning. In order to keep the political culture of the first 30 years of new China adapt to new political relations in reform and opening times, at least three aspects of efforts should be carried out: First, build amore perfect socialist value system. Second, create a reasonable, open and orderly institutional environment in order to provide institutional safeguards for citizen’s political participation. Third, cultivate a healthy and positive sense of citizen, improve citizen’s political quality.Political culture is the psychological foundation of a political act, political acts are manifestations of political culture. Specific political ideals and specific institutional environment will affect people’s psychology and political activity, and it play an effective regulatory role on people’s political behavior, it is also people’s specific political act determines the specific process of political development. Therefore, political culture as an important dimension of political order is an important factor, just is that determine political order whether or not stable. It is hard to imagine that without the soft support of political culture a social community could maintain political stability and harmonious.更多还原