【作者】 周琳娜；

【导师】 杨端志；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 语言中最活跃的因素是词汇,词汇能够敏感地反映社会的变化。词汇对社会的反映表现为新词、新义位的新生以及旧词、旧义位的消亡等。近年来,新词新义位的研究逐渐成为汉语学界研究的热点和重点,但是,汉语学界对新词、新义位的研究主要集中于现代汉语的某个新词新义或某类新词新义的研究,而对古代、近代汉语新词新义的研究比较薄弱,多以专书词汇研究的形式展开。至今,我们还未发现有论文或专著研究清代的新词新义位,基于新词新义位的研究现状,我们将清代作为考察的共时平面,以《汉语大词典》作为语料来源,将清代新生的新词新义位作为研究对象,尝试构建清代的新词、新义位的系统。本论文由八个部分组成。第一章综述新词新义研究的概况,交待论文的语料来源,研究方法和研究内容。新词新义的研究是从语言本体、词典编纂、新词新义的翻译等多角度多方面展开的,清代词汇的研究主要集中于对《红楼梦》、《聊斋志异》等专书词汇的研究,以及相关语言学词典的编纂。论文研究的语料来源于《汉语大词典》,但是《汉语大词典》在编纂中出现了释义、例证及收词立目等方面的问题,因此我们根据现有《汉语大词典》的相关研究论文、专著以及《四库全书》、《大藏经》等电子版,《近代汉语新词词源词典》、语言学词典等工具书完善、补充《汉语大词典》存在的相关问题。并交待了语料库的建立方法以及对《汉语大词典》所提供语料的使用规则等。第二章以义位为单位,根据清代的新词新义位的意义联系,从十一个方面(1.关于亲属称名的新词、新义位;2.关于称谓的新词、新义位;3.关于人和人体部位的新词、新义位;4.关于物质生活的新词、新义位;5.关于精神生活的新词、新义位;6.关于生产劳动的新词、新义位;7.关于行为的新词、新义位;8.关于情感的新词、新义位;9.关于性状的新词、新义位;10.关于时空的新词、新义位等;11.关于自然现象、自然物的新词、新义位等)描写清代新词新义位的面貌。在名词性新词新义位中,表亲属称谓、身体器官、生理行为、服饰、食物、工具、娱乐活动等的新词新义位最为丰富,数量最多;表经济、文化、职官机构等的新词新义位的数量次之;而表生物、天体、自然现象等的新词新义位的数量相对很少。在动词性新词新义位中,与生理行为,耳、手、眼、腿等相关的动作行,心理活动等有关的新词新义位的数量最多;其他语义范围内的新词新义位数量相对较少。在形容词性的新词新义位中,对人的品质、相貌、性格、体态、智力等进行形容的新词新义位数量较多,对自然景象、其它事物等进行形容词的新词新义位的数量相对较少。清代的新词新义位分布在上下位义场、同义义场、反义义场、关系义场、顺序义场、描绘义场等语义场中,同义义场的数量最多,内容最为丰富,其次是上下位义场和反义义场。语义场的建构为梳理清代新词新义位的系统性提供了基础和条件。第三章总结了清代新词的产生方式和来源。清代新词的产生方式主要有摹声法、儿化韵、音变、词素复合、简缩等五种方法。外来词、方言词以及古籍文献等成为清代新词的物质来源。第四章分析了清代新义位的产生方式,新义位的产生方式主要是已有义位的引申。从引申的义素运动、义素运动与构词词素的关系、引申的心理机制以及引申所带来的一词多义和词形的分裂等方面探讨了清代新义位的引申运动。第五章从语音、句法—语义两个角度描写清代新词新义位的构词方式。根据符号的音节数量可以分为单音节和多音节两类,多音节词可以进一步分为双音节、三音节、四音节和五个或五个以上的音节词。多音节词的构词方式以是否重叠为标准,可以首先二分为重叠式和非重叠式。重叠式多音节词有AA、ABB、AAB、AbC、AABB、ABAB、AABC、ABAC、AABC、ABCC、ACBC等类型。非重叠式多音节词以句法—语义构词法为主,句法—语义构词法有复合式和附加式两种。复合式构词法可以分为联合式、偏正式、述宾式、述补式和主谓式五种,并描写了清代复合式构词法内部词素类型、词素义和符号所指的关系:附加式主要有前缀和后缀两种类型,列举“老”、“子”、“头”、“儿”、“然”等五个词缀在清代的构词情况;在清代的新词新义位系统中,还出现了双音节和三音节词缀形式,双音节词缀形式可以附加在单音节词素后,如Abc;也可以附加在双音节词根后,如ABcc、ABcd;三音节词缀一般附加在单音节词根后,如Abcd。第六章介绍清代产生出现的新熟语。我们认为熟语包括成语、惯用语、歇后语和谚语等四种类型。我们交待成语的定义以及判定方法,描写成语的来源、结构和成语表义的图像媒介等;介绍清代惯用语的产生途径,描写清代新惯用语的结构方式;介绍歇后语的类型,探讨歇后语的解读;区分谚语的语义类型。并从熟语的语音形式和语义内容、表现形式等三个方面总结清代熟语对汉民族文化的观照和反映。第七章重点描写清代新词新义位的运动。以独用词为视角,列举清代独用词的语义分布,总结独用词产生的途径,从语用角度分析独用词存在的合理性以及消亡的原因和表现等。利用王希杰先生的潜显理论说明清代新词新义位的演变轨迹,有的新词新义位产生在清代,同时消亡在清代,如独用词;有的新词新义位的生命得以延续,进入到现代汉语普通话中。我们列举了仍活跃在现代汉语普通话词汇系统中的义位,总结进入现代汉语普通话中的义位所指范围的特点:一般是以名词类为主、与“人”自身关系密切的新词新义位的生命力比较顽强。第八章总结清代新词新义位的特点。清代新词新义位系统的特点之一是标志性新词语场的建构:与机构职官、军事制度、太平天国运动等有关的新词新义位构成了清代政治制度的标志性新词语场;与商业机构、经济活动、税收政策、雇佣关系等有关的新词新义位建构了清代经济生活的标志性新词语场;与清代的科举考试、“小学”的发展、西方先进科学技术等相关的新词新义位构筑了清代文化生活的标志性新词语场;与满族的服饰饮食、赌博、嫖妓等活动以及清末吸食鸦片之风等社会现象相关的的新词新义位组成了清人社会生活的标志性新词语场。清代新词系统的另一个特点是文白语体的并存,清代是白话语体的成熟发展时期,满族入主中原学习汉语以及通俗文学的发展促进清代产生了一定数量的具有白话语体特征的新词。在本论文的撰写中,我们力求做到全面的描写和充分的解释,采用归纳和演绎,以及定量分析和定性分析的科学方法,将清代这一时期置于共时和历时两个平面中,运用传统语言学、认知语言学和哲学等相关学科的方法论考察清代的新词新义位。更多还原

【Abstract】 Language is a social phenomenon.And vocabulary is the most active factor.It can sensitively reflect the social changes.The reflection is that the neologisms and the new sememes emergence and the old words and the old sememes demise.In recent years,the researches about the neologism and the new sememes have gradually become the major and focal issue in Chinese academic research.However, the research has no system.We can not find the thesises or the monographs about the neologisms and the new sememes of the Qing Dynasty in the current research.So this article will make the neologisms and the new sememes of Qing Dynasty about the Chinese Dictionary as the main corpus and research subject.We try to build the system of Qing Dynasty’s neologisms and new sememes.This thesis has eight parts.ChapterⅠis the summary of domestic and foreign scholars’ researches on the Chinese neologisms and the new sememes,and the explanation on the corpus of the Chinese Dictionary.There are some questions about the Chinese Dictionary compilation,so we replenish the questions according to the thesis and monographs about Chinese Dictionary,as well as "The Neologisms Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Chinese" and the electronic editions of the "Imperial Colleciton of Four" and Tripitaka.At last we illustrate the structures of this thesis and the methods about the research.ChapterⅡis the description about the new sememes of the Qing Dynasty,to take the sememe as the units.We describe the new sememes form eleven parts by the relationship of the meaning and the symbols’ references.The eleven parts are the kinship,the appellation,the human and body,the material life,the spiritual life,the productive labor,the behaviors,the emotions,the characters,the time-space,and the natural phenomena and things.Among the nominal characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the kinship appellation,human and body,physiological behavior,costumes,food,tools and recreation are the most abundant.The neologisms and new sememes about the economy,culture and official mechanism are more abundant.The neologisms and new sememes about the biololgy,celestial body and the natural phenomena are the fewest.Among the verbal characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the physiological behaviors,behaviors of the ears’,hands’,eyes’ and legs’,and psychological activities are the most abundant. Among the adjectival characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the human beings’ qualities,appearances,characters,postures and intelligence are the most abundant.The neologisms and the new sememes about the natural sceneries are the fewest.The all neologisms and new sememes distribute into the surbordinate semantic field,synonymic semantic field,antonymic semantic field,relationship semantic field,sequential field and portraying semantic field.The synonymic semantic fields are the most,and then the surbodinate semantic fields and antonymic fields.The semantic fields’ construction are the basement and conditions of semantic system about Qing Dynasty’s new sememes.ChapterⅢis the summarization on the generation methods of Qing Dynasty’s neologisms.The methods are the onomatopoeia,er-suffixed rhymes,mutation, morpheme composition and abridgement.The sources of the Qing Dynasty’s neologisms are the loan words,dialect words and the ancient books.ChapterⅣis the analysis on the generation method of the Qing Dynasty’s new sememes.The method is the extension.We talk about the Qing Dynasty’s extension from views of the seme motion,the relationship between the seme motion and morpheme,psychological mechanism and the results of the extension.ChapterⅤis the description about word-formation of the neologisms and the new sememes from the views of the phonetic and syntactic-semantic.According to the symbols of the syllables,the neologisms can be divided into two types: monosyllable and multi-syllable.Multi-syllabic words can be divided into two-syllable,three syllables,four syllables and five syllables or more than five syllables.Multi-syllable can be divided into two types:overlapping and non-overlapping.Overlapping styles has AA,ABB,AAB,Abc,AbC,AABB, ABAB,AABC,ABAC,AABC,ABCC,ACBC,ABcc,ABcd,Abcd,etc. Non-overlapping words’ word-formation is mainly the syntactic-semantic.The syntactic-semantic word-formation has two styles:compound form and additional form.Compound word-formation has five types:paratactic structure,biased-positive structure,verb/adj-object structure,verb/adj-complement structure,subject-predicate structure,etc.We also describe the morpheme type and the relationship between the morpheme meaning and the symbols referent about the five word-formations. Additional form can be divided into two types:prefix and suffix,and listing the usage of the five affix("lao","zi","tou","er","ran") of Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty’s new sememe system,the disyllablic and three-syllabic affixes emergence. The disyllable affixes can append the monosyllabic morpheme as Abc and the disyllabic morpheme as ABet,ABed.The three-syllabic can append the monosyllabic morpheme as Abcd.ChapterⅥis the introduction of the new idiomatic phrases,which appeared in Qing Dynasty.The idiomatic phrases include idioms,locutions,allegorical sayings and proverbs.We explain the definition and judging standards of the idioms, describe the source,structure and image media of the idioms,etc.We introduce the producing approaches and the structures of the locutions,the types and the comprehension of the allegorical sayings,and the types of the proverbs.We summarize that the idioms how to reflec the Chinese culture from the phonetic form, semantic content and the form of expression.ChapterⅦfocuses on the neologisms and the new sememes’ movement.The movement is the singiy-used word’s creation and extinction.We sum up the approaches of the singiy-used word’s creation,and analyze the reasonability of existence,the causes and the manifestations of extinction.We explain the neologisms and new sememes’s of evolution path through Mr Wang Xijie’s theory of potential and appearance,and sum up the characteristics of the word’s meaning which are used in the Modern Chinese.ChapterⅧis the summarization of the Qing Dynasty’s neologisms and new sememes’ characteristics.The first characteristic is the signal neologism fields.The Qing Dynasty’s signal neologism fields are about the political system,economic life, cultural life and daily life.The signal neologism fields of the political system contain the neologisms about the official mechanism,military system,and Taiping Heavenly Kindom Movement.The signal neologism fields of the economic life contain the neologisms about the commercial mechanism,economic activities,tax policy and employment relationship.The signal neologism fields of the cultural life contain the neologisms about the imperial examination,development of "Xiao-Xue" and western advanced technology.The signal neologism fields of the daily life contain the neologisms about Manchu’s costumes and food,gambling,wenching and opiophagy.The other characteristic is the coexistence of the classical and vernacular style.Some neologisms are the vernacular style.We put Qing Dynasty as the synchronic stage and diachronic stage in the Chinese history.We use the methods of the induction and deduction,the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis,as well as the philosophical views about the traditional linguistics and the cognitive linguistics.We try to describe completely and explain fully.We try to find the system of Qing Dynasty’s neologisms and the new sememes on the basis of comprehensive description.We hope that we can make contribution to construct the general history of the Chinese vocabulary.更多还原