【作者】 孙晔；

【导师】 谢晖；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法学理论， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 回族民商事习惯法是回族成员在长期生产和生活实践中所形成的,体现本民族全体成员意志和利益,调整本族成员之间的权利义务关系,为本民族成员所信守,并由他们共同认可的社会力量所保障实施的普遍性行为规范的总合。本文运用法社会学的方法与理论,通过大量的田野调查,从历史与现实两个层面对回族民商事习惯法进行考察:一是从静态的层面,通过对回族民商事习惯法得以生衍、发展的基础性力量进行考察,尝试对其内生动力和自发秩序的形成做框架式的描述;二是从动态的层面,通过对回族民商事习惯法的运行机制的实证分析,观察这一“小传统”与“大传统”之间能够进行博弈的条件、过程和可能的趋势,试图发现国家法与回族民商事习惯法之间互通互融和相异相斥的规律,并为当下回族民商事习惯法发展的出路提出建设性意见。本文从内容安排上共分为七个部分。导论部分界定了回族民商事习惯法的概念,并对选题的意义进行了论述。正文内容分为五章,第一章对回族民商事习惯法的历史演变进行了考察。通过对回族民商事习惯法演变的四个阶段,探寻其演变的条件、其与国家法之间互动关系的规律,从而发现如果国家法对回族民商事习惯法秉持包容、尊重的态度,那么回族社会就会呈现良好态势;反之,如果国家法对之抱有怀疑、压制的态度,那么回族社会发展就呈现缓慢甚至是停滞状态。当然,回族民商事习惯法也并非被动地适应和接受,其从萌芽、形成、定型、发展的历史过程可以清晰地看到国家法与回族民商事习惯法之间的控制与反控制、同化与反同化的历史轨迹。第二章对回族民商事习惯法形成的宗教伦理基础进行了考察。回族民商事习惯法无论从价值取向上还是主要的规范内容方面都源于伊斯兰教伦理。《古兰经》与圣训的大部分规定直接成为约束回族民商事活动的行为规范。伊斯兰教既是宗教信仰又是社会制度和风俗习惯,其同回族的形成与发展结成了不可分离的牢固的关系。由此,伊斯兰教伦理孕育并影响着回族民商事习惯法,从而对整个回族穆斯林的生活产生重大的影响。第三章通过社会实证的方法对回族民商事习惯法的内容、运行机制及其对回族社群的影响进行了探讨。回族民商事习惯法涵盖的内容广泛,基于本文选题的需要,本章所考察的对象限定为始终对回族成员起到规范作用并在当下对回族社会产生重要影响的民商事习惯法规范。回族民事习惯法规范包括婚姻习惯法、饮食习惯法、丧葬习惯法和捐赠习惯法;回族商事习惯法则包括买卖习惯法和借贷习惯法等。第四章从法文化学的视角对回族民商事习惯法的特征和功能进行了总结。回族民商事习惯法在运行当中,在不同的层面上表现出不同的形态特征。其观念形态以伊斯兰法文化观念为核心,同时受到儒家法文化、西方法文化以及我国其他少数民族法文化的影响。回族民商事习惯法的运行需要依托一定的组织形态,以清真寺为中心所建立起来的回族社区成为回族民商事习惯法的组织载体,并成为其完整保存下来的重要方式。伊斯兰教实现本土化的过程中,形成了中国回族所特有的门宦制度。门宦制度的出现将回族民商事习惯法的发展推进到一个新的阶段,其从组织制度和管理制度等方面都表现出浓厚的权威主义色彩。从法社会学的角度而言,回族民商事习惯法作为一种社会规范体系,除了规整回族民众日常社会生活中的民商事行为外,它还在回族社会中发挥了文化传承的功能、社会控制的功能、民族团结的功能、群体整合的功能以及纠纷解决的功能。文化传承是民商事习惯法的基础功能,其他功能的发挥都以该项功能的发挥为根基;社会控制则是民商事习惯法的手段性功能;群体整合是一个途径性的功能;纠纷解决则起到了行为导向的功能。无论是文化传承功能、社会控制功能、民族团结功能、群体整合功能还是纠纷解决功能,都是在一个紧密联系在一起的群体之中进行的。第五章以国家法作为参照的框架和比较的对象,探讨回族民商事习惯法在当下的发展。在全球化的冲击下,回族民商事习惯法的适用区域不断被压缩,这种局面必然会对回族民商事习惯法和国家法之间的关系产生影响。法制现代化进程中,回族民商事习惯法与国家法之间的博弈过程表现在三个方面:冲突、融合以及前者对后者的补充。因此,欲实现回族民商事习惯法与国家法之间的良性互动关系,应当实现两者在三个方面的和谐对接:观念层面的协调、制度层面的规则整合与纠纷解决机制多元化的实现。本文的结束语部分对回族民商事习惯法的现代化转型提出了思考。认为法的现代化一方面带来法制的统一化和普遍性,另一方面也导致了国家秩序与民间秩序的分殊倾向。而这种分殊倾向正是解决回族民商事习惯法现代化转型的关键地方。它形成了以国家法为主导的法理型社会与民族习惯法所主导的的自治型社会并存的社会组织形式。因此,回族民商事习惯法实现现代化转型的实质,即是实现国家法与回族民商事习惯法之间契约式的互动关系。通过对回族民商事习惯法的研究,本文得出三个结论:第一,回族民商事习惯法的形成是伊斯兰教伦理规范世俗化演变的结果。回族作为一个全民性信仰伊斯兰教的民族,伊斯兰教伦理既是形成这个民族的前提性因素,也是回族不断繁衍壮大的核心因素。虽然伊斯兰教在我国并没有一个独立的教会组织,也没有固定的大规模的僧侣团体,但却能够使回族民众坚定不移地信仰它,并将教法中的各项义务严格加以履行,从其出生到死亡的整个人生过程无一不深深地烙上了伊斯兰教的痕迹。回族无论身居何处,总是体现出鲜明的民族性格,并保存着完整的传统生活方式模态,很少受到其他民族尤其是汉民族的生活习惯的影响,归根究底在于伊斯兰教的伦理精神支持与伦理规范结构的稳定。由于国家奉行政教分离的法律原则,因此,伊斯兰教伦理中关于婚姻、丧葬、饮食、商业等民商事活动的规定就逐渐演变成为回族社会中一整套成熟的规范体系,从生活的各个环节调控着他们的心理和行为,形塑着回族社区的社会秩序,并从物质层面到精神层面为这个民族提供着坚实的指导与准则。第二,回族民商事习惯法得以有效运行的关键因素在于其观念形态的多元化和组织形态的稳定性。回族社会整体的观念形态表现为以伊斯兰教法文化观念为核心,并受儒家法文化、西方法文化和其他少数民族法文化观念影响的多元化特点。回族分布格局决定了其必须要尽快地适应和融入到当地的文化中去。因此,观念形态的多元化是回族民商事习惯法规范能够在不同时代和地区进行有条件地变通和适用的关键因素。以寺坊组织为中心建构起来的回族社会,则对防止他族文化对回族民商事习惯法的异化和侵蚀构筑起了坚固的防线,从而为回族民商事习惯法的有效运行提供了组织条件。第三,回族民商事习惯法历史演变的过程表明,要实现回族聚居地区的繁荣与稳定,就必须实现国家法与回族民商事习惯法的良性互动。历史上回族从未建立过政权,伊斯兰教也从未能成为全国性信仰的宗教。因此,它的兴衰总是与国家法对其生存空间宽容程度的高低紧密相关:在国家法环境宽松时,它依附于国家法并借助国家法的力量迅速壮大;在国家法对其打压封堵的时候,它也能够凭借自身习惯法的固有力量而存活下来。回族民商事习惯法与国家法之间相互影响并相互制约的动态关系对于回族社会的发展产生了深刻影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 The customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is formed in the long-term production and life of Hui people. It embodies the will and interest of all members of the nationality and regulates the relationship of rights and obligations among the members of the nationality. It is the total universal behavioral norms abided by the members of the nationality and implemented and guaranteed by the social power accepted by them. This paper uses the perspective and the theory of sociology of law, making investigation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality in historical and realistic aspects through a great deal of field researches: on the one hand, in the static aspect, investigate the basic force in the formation and development of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and try to make framework-type description of the formation of its endogenetic power and spontaneous order; on the other hand, in the dynamic aspect, through the empirical analysis of the operational mechanism of the customary commercial law of Hui nationality, observe the condition, the process and the possible trend of the competition between "little tradition" and "great tradition", try to find the rule in the fusion and repulsion between the national law and the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and discuss the way for the development of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality.The contents are divided into seven parts. The introduction defines the concept of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and states the significance of the topic. The body includes five chapters. Chapter 1 makes the investigation of the historical evolvement of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality. Through the four stages in the evolvement of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality, the condition for the evolvement and the rule in the interactive relationship with the national law is searched for. Thus it can be found that the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality can be developed tremendously if the national law treats it with the attitude of containment and respect, conversely, it may develop slowly and even stop developing if the national law suspects and suppress it. Certainly, the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is not adapted or accepts passively. From its historical process including germination, formation and development, it can be seen clearly the historical path of the control and anti-control, assimilation and anti-assimilation between the national law and the customary law.Chapter 2 investigates the religious and ethical foundation on which the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality has formed. Both the value orientation and the main norms of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is originated from the ethical norms of Islam. A majority of the regulations in the Koran and Hadith has become the behavioral norms to restrict the civil and commercial activities of Hui nationality. Islam is the social system and customs as well as the religious belief with the inseparable firm relationship with the development of Hui nationality. Thereby, the secularization of the ethical norms of Islam become the source of the formation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and brings about significant influence in the life of the Muslim.Through the method of social demonstration, Chapter 3 discusses the contents, operational mechanism of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and its influence in the community of Hui nationality. With wide contents of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality, based on the needs in the topic of this paper, the object investigated in this chapter is limited to the norms of the customary civil and commercial law which always regulated the behaviors of the members of Hui nationality and have importance impact on the social life of Hui nationality nowadays. The norms of the customary civil law include the customary law of marriage, diet, funeral and donation. The customary commercial law includes the customary law of dealing and loan.Chapter 4 makes the conclusion of the characteristics and functions of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality from the perspective of the culturology of law. In operation, the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality shows different characteristics in different aspects. Its ideological form takes the notion of the legal culture of Islam as the core and is influenced by the Confucian legal culture, Western legal culture and the legal culture of other minority nationalities in our country. The operation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality also needs a certain form of organization. The community of Hui nationality with the mosque as the center becomes the organizational carrier of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and the important method to preserve it wholly. During the process of localization, Islam combines with other external legal cultures, forming the unique Order System in the northwestern area in China. The appearance of Order System makes the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality manifest the strong authoritarianism in the aspects such as the organizational system and managerial system. From the angle of sociology of law, as a system of social norms, the customary civil and commercial law plays the role of cultural transmission, social control, group integration and national unity besides the role of regulating the civil and commercial behaviors of Hui people in daily social life. The cultural transmission is the basic function of the customary civil and commercial law and the foundation for the other functions to work. The social control is the instrumental function of the customary civil and commercial law. The group integration functions as a way. All the functions of the customary civil and commercial law including the cultural transmission, social control and the national unity are working in a closely connected group.Chapter 5 takes the national law as a framework for reference and an object for comparison to discuss the current development of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality. Under the impact of globalization, the applicable area of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is compressed continuously which will certainly influence the relationship between the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and the national law. In the period of social transformation, the competition between the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and the national law is revealed in three aspects, that is, conflict, fusion and the complement of the former to the latter. Efforts shall be made in three aspects including the coordination in the aspect of notion, the rule integration in the aspect of system, the diversification of the dispute-solving mechanism.At last, this paper puts forward the consideration about the modern transformation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality. It is believed that in the process of the modernization of the legal system, the modernization of the law brings about the unification and universality of the legal system on the one hand and has caused the trend of diversity between the national order and the civilian order. This trend is the key to solve the modern transformation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and has formed the social organizational form with the coexistence of legal society led by national law and the autonomous society led by national customary law. Therefore, the substance of the modern transformation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is to achieve the contractual interactive relationship between the national law and the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality.Through the research on the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality, three conclusions have been obtained: first, the formation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality is the outcome of the secularization of Islam ethical norms. For Hui nationality believing Islam universally, Islam ethics is not only the premise for the formation of this nationality, but also the key factor for Hui nationality to multiply and expand through more than 1,300 years. Although there is no independent church organization in our country or solid large-scale monk group, Hui people believe Islam firmly and fulfill each obligation in the doctrine strictly. The whole living process from birth to death bears the mark of Islam clearly. No matter where to live, Hui nationality always embodies distinct national character, keeping the intact traditional life style, rarely influenced by the living habits of other nationalities especially Han nationality. It is as a result of the support of Islam ethical spirit and the stability of the structure of the ethical norms. Because the nation insists on the legal principle of separation of religion from politics, the regulations in the doctrine about the civil and commercial activities such as marriage, inheritance, funeral, diet and business have evolved into a whole set of mature norm system of Hui nationality, regulating their psychology and behaviors in each step in life, modeling the social order of the community of Hui nationality and providing solid guidance and criterion for the nationality from the spiritual aspect to the material aspect.Second, the key factor in the effective operation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality lies in the stability of diversification of its nation form and the stability of the organizational form. The ideological form in the society of Hui nationality takes Islam ethical spirit as the core and is influenced by Confucian culture, Western culture and the culture of other minority nationalities with the feature of diversification. The distribution pattern of Hui nationality determines they must adapt themselves and blend into the local culture as soon as possible. Therefore, the diversification of the ideological form contributes to the accommodation and application of the norms of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality conditionally. The society of Hui nationality constructed with the mosque as the center has built solid line of defence to avoid the dissimilation and corrosion of the cultural of other nationalities to the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and thus to provide the organizational condition for the effective operation of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality.Third, the historical evolvement of the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality indicates that the positive interaction between the national law and the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality must be realized in order to achieve the prosperity and stability in the habitation of Hui nationality. In history, Hui nationality has never established the regime and Islam has never become the national religion. Therefore, its rise and fall always closely relates with the allowable extent of the national law for its living space. Under the several large impacts of national regulation and policy, its survival and development owes to its intrinsic unique operational mechanism which is depended to compete with the great tradition of the national law. With the loose environment of national law, it attaches itself to the national law and expands rapidly with the help of the strength of national law; when the national law suppresses it, it can also survive by means of its inherent strength of the customary law. The dynamic relationship of interaction between the customary civil and commercial law of Hui nationality and the national law has a profound impact on the development of the society of Hui nationality.更多还原