【作者】 苏颖；

【导师】 周向军；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文拟就马克思主义发展史上一位颇有争议的人物——卡尔·考茨基的马克思主义观进行初步研究。考茨基的马克思主义观在马克思主义观的发展史上占有举足轻重、承前启后的地位。首先,他得到了马克思主义创始人的直接指导和教诲,培养了自己的理论素养,积极投身于第二国际和德国社会民主党的实践活动,享有第二国际著名理论家的盛誉,他的马克思主义观具有很强的代表性;其次,考茨基对马克思主义富有生命力的解释产生了深远的影响。现代西方马克思主义诸多流派都有考茨基思想的因子,北欧民主社会主义更是与考茨基有着直接的渊源。考茨基作为历史上一位杰出的马克思主义者,一方面为解读、捍卫、传播马克思主义作了大量的工作,另一方面,他结合帝国主义时代资本主义的新变化,对新时期无产阶级解放的路径和无产阶级政党面临的新任务进行了可贵的理论探索。考茨基的马克思主义观包涵了对“什么是马克思主义”以及“怎样对待马克思主义”这两个问题的独特看法。两者相互联系,有机地构成了考茨基“马克思主义观”的内容。考茨基的马克思主义观一经形成,又反过来作用于他其后的思考和实践。考茨基的理论和实践是马克思主义发展史上一笔非常丰富的、值得挖掘的精神遗产。本文不是对考茨基的思想和理论贡献的全面评述,也不是要探究考茨基在国际工人运动历史上的地位,而是本着正本清源、实事求是的态度对考茨基的马克思主义观进行初步的考察和分析。全文分为导论、正文两个组成部分。其中正文由四章和结语组成。本文的研究对象是考茨基的马克思主义观,具体说来是其狭义的马克思主义观。考茨基的马克思主义观与其马克思主义思想之间既有联系又有区别。现阶段研究考茨基的马克思主义观,有着重要的理论和实践意义。学术界对考茨基的思想和考茨基的马克思主义观进行过一定的研究,取得了可喜的成果,但是研究力度仍然不够,亟待加强。本文在充分吸收前辈学人众说纷纭的学术成果之基础上,拟采用文献研究的方法、比较的方法和宏观的思辨的方法,对考茨基的马克思主义观作进一步的力所能及的探讨。考茨基马克思主义观的形成不是偶然的,而是多种因素共同作用的结果。客观上,资本主义发展到帝国主义阶段以及工人运动出现的新动向和第二国际内部的论争为考茨基马克思主义观的产生提供了条件。而考茨基的马克思主义观得以产生的主观条件有以下四个方面:良好的文化修养、坚实的知识基础和宽广的视野;深厚的国际主义情结以及对自由民主等终极价值的诉求;求知好学、勤勉严谨的学术品格;自觉参加革命实践并接受马克思和恩格斯的教育。考茨基的马克思主义观一经产生,经历了一个复杂的、前后相继的发展过程,大概可以分为三个阶段:第一阶段是考茨基马克思主义观的形成;第二阶段是考茨基马克思主义观的发展完善;第三阶段是考茨基的马克思主义观与布尔什维克式的马克思主义观的分化。考茨基的马克思主义观有着相当丰富的内容,大致可以分为两个方面:考茨基论什么是马克思主义,考茨基论如何对待马克思主义。关于什么是马克思主义,考茨基着重从马克思主义的发生、发展、本质、基本特征、价值论和历史命运等方面作了详细说明。关于应该如何对待马克思主义,考茨基主要强调:要忠于马克思主义的原意,“做事应该能找出马克思主义的理论依据”,“不能歪曲和胡说”,对待马克思主义应该坚持理解性的接受,不能满足于表面上的接受,在马克思主义的宣传上,要使用“灌输”的方法,必须深入群众;学习马克思主义关键是要掌握马克思主义的科学方法;坚持以马克思主义为指导,不能教条化地理解马克思主义,要敢于放弃马克思主义创始人个别过时的观点、不搞宗派主义,马克思主义“不能成为国教”、要实现马克思主义的民族化和本地化、不断发展马克思主义;坚定马克思主义的信仰,不必为中途改变信仰者惋惜,并且把应用和传播马克思主义作为神圣的终生的使命等等。考茨基的马克思主义观有着重要的历史和现实意义。首先是他坚持、运用、丰富和发展马克思主义的重要条件;其次,它扩展和深化了马克思、恩格斯的马克思主义观,再有,它为后人树立科学的马克思主义观做出了榜样,提供了基础。对我们坚持正确的马克思主义理想信念,在新的历史征程中发展创新马克思主义,推进社会主义事业有着重要的价值。考茨基的马克思主义观是马克思主义学不可或缺的组成部分,对马克思主义学有着重要的资料价值。当然,考茨基的马克思主义观也有其历史局限性。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper studies the view on Marxism of Karl Kautsky—a very controversial figure on the development of Marxism.Kautsky’s view on Marxism plays a vital role in the history of the development of Marxist view. First of all, he gained direct guidance and teaching from the founder of Marxism, formed his own theory, actively participated in practical activities of the Second International and the German Social Democratic Party and enjoyed the reputation of the well-known Second International theorist. His view on Marxism has a strong representation. Secondly, Kautsky’s rich interpretation of Marxism has had a profound impact. A lot of modern Western Marxism schools have the factor of Kautsky’s thought. The Nordic democratic socialism has a direct connection with Kautsky. As an outstanding Marxist in the history, Kautsky made a great contribution to the interpretation, the defence, and the spread of Marxism on the one hand and did valuable research in the proletariat’s path of liberation in the new era and the new mission faced by them on the other hand.Kautsky ’s view on Marxism includes unique views of "What is Marxism" and "how to deal with the Marxism". These two issues mutually connect and constirut the content of Kautsky’s view on Marxism. Once Kautsky’s view on Marxism formed, it in turn influenced his subsequent thought and practice. Kautsky’s theory and practice are very rich spiritual legacy that is worth of excavation in the history of the development of Marxism.This paper is not a review of Kautsky’s theoretical contribution, nor is it a study of Kautsky’s status in the history of the international labor movement, but a preliminary inspection and analysis of Kautsky’s view on Marxism.The full text composes of the introduction and the body. The body includes four chapters and a conclusion.The research target of this paper is Kautsky ’s view on Marxism, specially narrow sense view on Marxism. There is not only connection but also difference between Kautsky’s view on Marxism and Marxist thought. Research in Kautsky’s view on Marxism now has great theoretical and practical significance. The academia has done some research in Kautsky’s thought and Kautsky’s view on Marxism and achieved encouraging results. However these previous efforts are not enough. Such study should be strengthened. Based on previous academic achievements, this paper further explores Kautsky’s view on Marxism, adopting the method of literature investigation, comparision, and macro-thinking.Kautsky’s view on Marxism was not formed by accident but was influenced by a variety of factors. Objectively speaking, capitalism developed into the stage of imperialism; the rise of new trends in the labor movement, and the debates within the Second International provide conditions for the formation of Kautsky’s view on Marxism. The subjective conditions of the formation of Kautsky’s view on Marxism have the following four aspects: a good cultural quality, a solid knowledge base and broad perspective; profound internationalism complex and persue of freedom and democracy; academic integrity of curiousness and diligency; conscious participation in revolutionary practice and acceptance of education from Marx and Engels.Once Kautsky’s view on Marxism was formed, it went through a complicated development process. This process can be divided into three phases: the first phase is the formation of Kautsky’s view on Marxism; the second phase is the improvement of Kautsky’s view on Marxism; the third phase is the differentiation between Kautsky’s view on Marxism and Bolshevik-style view on Marxism.Kautsky’s view on Marxism has a rich content. It can generally be divided into two areas: what is Marxism, and how to deal with Marxism. Kautsky elaborated on what is Marxism from the aspects of the occurrence, development, nature, basic features, the value of destiny and history. About how to deal with Marxism, Kautsky emphasized: we should be loyal to the original intent of Marxism, and " should not distort the original intent ",accept Marxism with understanding but should not be satisfied with seeming acceptance,we should adopt the approach of "indoctrination" to disseminate Marxism and go deep among the masses; the key to the study of Marxism is to grasp the scientific method of Marxism; we should adhere to the guidance of Marxism, "act according to the theoretical basis of Marxism",we should not gain dogmatic understanding of Marxism, but develop Marxism according to the change of time, we should realize the nationalization and localization of Marxism,we should not develop sectarianism and Marxism "should not become a state religion",be brave to give up out-of-date opinions of the founders of Marxism; stick to the belief in Marxism and do not have to feel sorry for blievers who changed their belief midway, take the application and dissemination of Marxism as a lifetime sacred mission.Kautsky’s view on Marxism has great historical and realistic significance. Kautsky’s view on Marxism is the essential precondition for his outstanding contribution in theory and practice. It expands and deepens Marx and Engels’ view on Marxsim, and set an example for future generations in establishing scientific view of Marxism. It is very valuable to our adherence to the belief of Marxsim, development of Marxism in the new journey of history, and promotion of the cause of socialism. Kautsky’s view on Marxism is an integral part of the study of Marxism,and is of great value to the study of Marxsim. Certainly, Kautsky’s view on Marxism also has its historical limitations.更多还原