【作者】 曲宏歌；

【导师】 郇庆治；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 国际政治， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文是关于欧盟女性决策参与发展的初步研究,除了探讨欧盟制度对于其内部女性决策参与发展的影响,也力图对女性政治参与发展的影响因素进行探索。本文在欧洲一体化的背景下,运用文献分析、定性分析与定量分析相结合、案例分析等研究方法,以女性决策参与为例,对欧洲一体化过程中欧盟制度在纠正决策过程中不平等的性别关系上发挥的作用做了较为深入的分析。随着经济和社会的发展,消除基于性别的一切形式的歧视和改善女性地位已成为大多数国家社会、经济和政治发展日程上的重要事项,1995年联合国第四次世界妇女大会再次强调了男女平等的重要意义,性别平等成为人权问题和社会正义的条件以及平等、发展与和平的先决条件。与此同时,伴随着性别平等的全面展开,女性同男性平等参与决策过程也成为性别平等的重要内容和性别平等实现状况的重要量度。正因为与公正和民主紧密相关,在任何决策层面缺少女性的积极参与和女性视角的融入,平等、发展与民主的目标都是无法实现的。因此,可以说保证女性平等进入权力和决策机构当中,并提高女性参与决策的能力和作为领导者的能力不仅是民主的必然要求也是民主国家必须要承担的责任。随着区域化和全球化的发展,参与推动女性决策参与发展的行为者也超越了民族国家的界限发展到跨国和国际层面。其中,由于具有区别于其他国际组织的独特性,欧盟在女性决策参与发展中起到的作用相对于其他组织和机构更为引人注目。伴随着欧洲一体化的不断深入,欧盟制度对于成员国制度的影响力也逐渐增大,其发挥影响的范围也由最初的经济领域扩展到社会领域。尽管建立共同社会政策的进程进展缓慢,但作为社会政策的一个重要组成部分的性别政策却得到了较为充分的发展。进入20世纪90年代,在女性主义运动的推动下,欧盟将一体化之初对女性职业生活领域平等的关注扩大到社会和政治领域,与此同时,女性决策参与对于欧盟继续发展的重要性的加强也促使欧盟开始关注决策过程中的性别平等,并提出和实施了一些相关构想和措施,欧盟制度成为影响其内部女性决策参与的重要因素之一。而欧盟制度之所以将女性决策参与列入议事日程主要基于以下背景:一是20世纪90年代以来女性主义理论及运动策略由“远离”政治制度与政治机构转变为重新关注女性在决策机构中的代表、力图排除决策过程中由性别而产生的歧视。作为一种外在的推动力量,女性主义战略的变化使女性决策参与问题作为一个新的关注点出现在欧盟(共同体)成员国的议事日程上,进而又提升到超国家层面,不仅对欧盟委员会、欧洲议会以及欧盟理事会产生了一定程度的压力,也在女性决策参与问题上赋予超国家机构以更多的期待。二是女性决策参与状况的改善对于欧盟的发展也具有重要的意义,不仅有利于增强民主性,还有助于实现人力资源的有效利用等等。在这一背景下,欧盟制度从法律、机构和政策三个层面对女性决策参与的发展做出了推动。在立法上,除了在基本条约中对性别平等给予规定,为女性平等参与决策建立坚实的法律基础,还制定了部分二级立法和大量的软法,对欧盟层面和成员国层面女性决策参与发展给予框架上的指导;在机构层面,欧盟超国家层面机构的建立和发展为女性决策参与提供了重要的政治空间和政治机会,并通过在欧盟主要机构中建立的负责性别平等事务的部门的活动积极推动欧盟机构内部的性别平等;在政策层面,欧盟为了提高女性决策参与水平制定了一系列直接和间接的政策,直接政策包括资金支持、数据收集、监督成员国行动、性别主流化等,间接政策主要包括在能够对女性决策参与起到积极推进作用的就业、家庭角色分工和教育培训中促进性别平等的政策。经过十几年的努力,欧盟制度对于女性决策参与的推动作用也逐步显现出来。对于欧盟制度推动效用的考察主要从两个相互关联的层面进行:一是从欧盟层面,以整体上的经验性数据和个例研究分析欧盟相关制度的建立和发展是否带来女性决策参与水平的变化。二是从成员国制度层面,即分析欧盟制度是否对成员国制度产生了影响。通过分析我们发现,20世纪90年代以后无论是成员国还是欧盟层面参与决策过程的女性数量都有了一定程度的增长,并且在女性决策参与问题上,欧盟制度的确引起了部分成员国立法和政策方面出现某些变化,欧盟机构的行动及其推进女性决策参与的立法、政策已经在欧盟范围内塑造了一种有利的氛围,为女性同男性平等参与决策提供了非正式制度因素的力量支持。总体来看,20世纪90年代以来的欧盟制度建设与同期女性决策参与发展之间体现出了一种正相关的关系。尽管如此,女性决策参与的现状仍无法达到同男性平等的水平,而女性决策参与问题本身的复杂性、欧盟制度上存在的问题以及欧盟立法、政策落实过程中存在的障碍则是导致上述结果的主要原因。从结构上来讲,全文共分三个部分,第一部分为导言,对问题的提出及研究意义的阐释、国内外研究现状的总结、研究对象与基本概念界定以及论文框架等作出介绍。之后的主体部分分为三章,从欧盟制度推动女性决策参与发展的背景,欧盟制度推动女性决策参与发展的具体行动以及欧盟制度推动女性决策参与的效用及存在的问题进行了深入探讨。最后一部分是结论,结论部分除了对本文的研究作以总结外,也对本文的研究结论给予进一步的经验性分析和理论解释。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thesis is the primary study about the women’s participation in decision-making. The purpose of the thesis is exploring not only the effect of EU institution in promoting women’s participation in decision-making within it but also the influencing factors of women’s political participation in order to meet the demand of gender equality. Depending on the background of European integration, this study makes a comprehensive research about the effects of EU institution in making the unequal gender relation right in the process of decision-making.With the gradual development of economy and society, eliminating all kinds of discriminations based on Gender and improving women’s position in society have became important issues on the social, economic and political development agendas in many countries of the world. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women held in 1995 emphasized the significance of the equality between men and women, and then gender equality became the condition of human rights and social justice and the precondition of equality, development and peace. At the same time, women’s participation in decision-making process equally to men has become an important content of gender equality and important indicator of the realization of gender equality following the totally launch of gender equality. Just because of the close connection with justice and democracy, the aim of equality, development and democracy can not be realized without women’s participation and perspective in any decision-making level. So it is a truth that guaranteeing women’s participation in power and decision-making and improving women’s ability to be a leader are not only the demands of democracy but also the responsibilities of nation states. With the development of regionalization and globalization, the actors who participate in promoting women’s participation in decision-making are both within nation states and on transactional, international level. Among these, the effect of EU institution is more notable than other institutions and agents because of its specificity different from other international organization.Along with the deepening and expanding of European integration, the influence of EU institution has also been greatly enhanced, the range of its effect has expended from economic domain to social domain. Although the process of establishing the social policy in EU was very slow, gender policy as a main part of social policy got sufficient development. Since entering 21th century, EU has expended its attention from the equality of women in career to social and political field. At the same time, the increase about importance of women’s participation in decision-making process for the continuous development of EU promoted EU to pay close attention to gender equality in decision-making process and raise, implement some relevant idea and measures. EU institution became one of the key factors which can affect the condition of women’s participation in decision-making. The main background of the promotion for women’s participation in decision-making contains two sides. The first is that the strategy of feminism has changed from deviating to paying more attention to the representation of female in decision-making agencies and trying to eliminate the discrimination in the decision-making process. The change made women’s participation in decision-making emerge on the calendar of EU member states as a new point then raise to EU level. The second is that women’s participation in decision-making is important for the development of EU and favorable for a strong democracy and effective utilization human resources.In this context EU institution promote women’s participation in decision-making from legal, institution and policy dimension. In legislation, EU gives framework guidance to member states by making some secondary legislations and many soft laws excepted the regulating for women’s equal right to participate in the decision-making by EC Treaties. In institutions, the setting up and development of EU institutions afford important power position and political opportunities to Women’s participation in decision-making and pushing forward the equality within EU institutions by the actions of main agencies which in charge of gender equality issues. In policy dimension, EU formulates a series of direct and indirect policies to improve women’s participation in decision-making process. The direct policies include financial support, collecting data, supervising actions of member states, gender mainstreaming and so on. The indirect policies include the gender equality policies of employment, men and women’s role in family, education and training that have positive effects to women’s participation in decision-making. After more than ten years efforts, the effects of EU institution in promoting women’s participation in decision-making are appearing gradually. The evaluation for effectiveness of EU institution in promoting will be launched from EU and member states level. We can conclude from the analysis that the condition of women’s participation in decision-making on both level has raised to a certain extent from 1990s and on the question of women’s participation in decision-making EU institution really has led to some changes in member states. At the same time the EU institution has shaped a positive environment which affords an informal effect within EU. In general, after 1990s there is a positive correlation between the construction of EU institution and the situation of women’s participation in decision-making. For all that, the current situation of women’s participation in decision-making still can not meet the challenge of gender equality. There are three main reasons which lead to the result. The first is that the issue- women’s participation in decision-making is complex; the second is that there are some limitations existing in EU institutions and, the third one is that there are some obstacles in the process of putting EU legislations and policies into practice.Seen from the framework, the essay is composed of three parts: the first part is the introduction, which gives a presentation on the raising of questions, the significance of research, and reviews of the present research status at home and abroad, the research aim, major research methods and basic concepts, the framework of the thesis. Then the second part is the body which includes three chapters provides a deep discussion about the basic problems from three aspects. Those are the background of the promoting action of EU institution in women’s participation in decision-making, the concrete actions of EU institution, the effectiveness of EU institution in promoting and some existing problems. The last part is the conclusion. It includes a deep analysis for the research result on experienced and theoretical perspective excepting the conclusion on the research.更多还原