基于循环经济的浙江现代农业研究：高效生态农业的机理、模式选择与政府管理

【作者】 邓启明；

【导师】 黄祖辉； 胡剑锋；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 农业并非天生的弱质产业,致力于现代化建设已成为全球农业发展的潮流。但不同国家、不同历史时期,现代农业的内涵、标准与发展层次不尽相同。高效生态农业是近年来浙江现代农业实践中,逐步创新发展出来的先进发展模式,是现代农业发展到一个新的阶段必然要涉足的重要趋势与方向。但各方面对此的研究还很缺乏,理论界和政府相关部门还存在不少争议。本文试图通过基于循环经济的浙江现代农业发展的理论基础与运行机理的研究,对这一应用前景广阔的现代农业发展模式进行较全面、系统的分析与归纳总结,力求找到支撑系统的主要构件和基本要素,建立起一个相对完整的高效生态农业基本理论与实践分析框架,使其能够合理解释、科学指导新时期浙江现代农业与农村发展实践。本选题具有较明显跨学科性质。为此,本文将在简要分析、回顾前人已有研究成果的基础上,综合运用循环经济学、农业经济学、区域经济学以及发展经济学等相关理论,以大量实地调查(包括访谈与问卷调查)为基础,以理论分析和实证研究相结合为特色,对浙江高效生态农业的起源、发展演变及其科学内涵等进行较深入分析、总结,着重对高效生态农业的典型实践模式、发展成效及其主要影响因素等进行较深入的调查与实证研究,同时对其发展策略与相应制度(政策)安排进行研究、设计,初步回答什么是高效生态农业、怎样建设高效生态农业以及如何提高建设高效生态农业的能力等问题。全文共9章,除导论(第1章)及全文总结与讨论(第9章)外,主要分理论篇(第2-4章)与实践篇(第5-8章)进行较全面、系统研究。上篇,高效生态农业的理论研究(包括第2-4章)。本篇首先回顾了农业现代化和循环经济的主要理论及其实践研究进展(第2章),同时有选择地分析、比较了以色列等主要农业发达国家和中国台湾及长三角等地区现代持续农业的成功实践及其发展趋势(第3章),以期为高效生态农业的提出与发展完善,乃至整个农业现代化建设提供部分理论与实践指导依据;在此基础上,本篇继续以循环经济及其相关理论与实践为指导,就浙江高效生态农业的起源、发展演变及其科学内涵、基本特征、主要功能与重大意义,以及高效生态农业的主要实践模式、发展思路与框架等进行较深入的分析、考证与归纳、推理(第4章,为本文核心章节之一),对浙江高效生态农业这一发展迅速、应用前景广阔的现代农业发展模式进行较科学、全面的系统研究与探索,初步构建出这一新兴研究领域的基本理论与实践分析框架。本篇研究认为,高效生态农业是一种以市场为导向,以循环经济“减量化、再利用、资源化”为基本原则(3R原则),以资源的高效利用和循环利用为核心,以追求更大经济效益、更少资源消耗、更低环境污染和更多劳动力就业为目标的先进农业发展模式,是效益农业导入循环经济与生态学理念引发的发展形态变革,也是生态农业按照现代化大生产的目标和产业竞争的指向实现的转型升级;既具有现代农业的一般特征,又充分体现和满足了人多地少、资源相对紧缺、经济较发达地区现代农业发展的必然要求及其特殊性,使现代农业真正建立在技术上可行、经济上合理、社会可接受、环境更友好的基础之上,实现生产、生活与生态的良性循环,具有较强的可操作性和现实指导性,是浙江现代农业发展的现实选择与创新。下篇,高效生态农业的实践研究(包括第5-8章)。主要是以当面访谈和调查问卷相结合的方式,对高效生态农业的发展背景、现状、趋势,尤其是对影响农户是否参与高效生态农业的种种因素及其决策机制等进行较深入调查研究(获得了317份有效问卷),同时以高效生态养殖业为例,进一步调查、评估当前高效生态农业建设的成效及其面临问题与挑战(共获得167份有效问卷),并就高效生态农业综合评价指标体系及其发展策略与可能的制度(政策)安排等进行初步研究、设计,提出进一步发展的方向与重点。本篇首先应用Logistic回归模型,对影响农户是否参与高效生态农业建设的种种因素及其决策机制等进行实证研究(第5章)。实证分析结果表明:当前农户是否采用高效生态农业发展模式,主要受其耕地面积、农业收入水平以及他们是否参与农业合作经济组织、是否获得过金融贷款等因素的影响,但不同因素影响程度和显著性不尽相同,尤其是耕地面积在10%显著水平下具有负向影响(另3个变量皆为正向影响)值得注意:户主特征变量、环境特征变量以及农户质量安全与生态意识变量的影响不显著,没有进入到最终估计模型中。其次是以高效生态养殖为例(第6章),对生态养殖小区主要技术依托也进行当面访谈与问卷调查,对其创建的成效及其环境管理问题等进行了更进一步的统计分析,对高效生态养殖户与其他高效生态农业户间可能存在的区别也进行了统计分析,同时就平湖市“以生态畜牧业为依托,以畜禽粪便及农业废弃物资源化、无害化处理与高效生态种植业规模化、标准化、清洁化生产有机结合的,种、养、加相结合”县域高效生态农业建设模式,进行了进一步实地调研与归纳总结,得出若干有意义的启示。再次是简要分析、总结高效生态农业评价指标体系构建的基本原理、目的与方法,综合运用专家咨询法(Delphi)和层次分析法(AHP)以及因子分析法,初步建立了浙江高效生态农业的候选指标库(一般评价指标体系)以及区域与微观(农户或农场)层次的具体评价指标体系,同时对以上指标体系的应用与完善进行探讨。既丰富了评价指标体系的构建思路与方法,也有利于各行为主体根据当地实际及评价目的灵活应用。在此基础上,本文还初步构建了一个既适合浙江省实际,又符合WTO规则要求的、相对完整的浙江高效生态农业发展战略与政府扶持政策体系(第8章),并从微观、中观和宏观三个层面,对保障高效生态农业又好又快发展所需要的主要组织与制度(政策)创新问题进行初步研究、设计,以期从技术上、制度上和观念上为现代农业又好又快发展提供良好氛围与运行机制,推动区域经济发展与优化升级。总之,本文较系统地分析并总结了浙江高效生态农业的理论基础与运行机理,提出了将高效生态农业作为一项现代产业发展的重大意义与前景,以及相应的发展策略与组织、制度(政策)安排,既丰富了现代农业和循环经济理论研究的内容、思路与方法,也有利于政府部门对高效生态农业的扶持、引导与服务,最终走出一条人与自然和谐相处的、有中国(浙江)特色的现代农业可持续发展之路。研究成果可供政府及有关部门决策参考,对当前沿海发达地区乃至全国现代农业建设均有一定指导意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agriculture is not a destined vulnerable industry. Construction of modern agriculture has become a global development trend. However, the connotations, standards and development levels of modern agriculture in different countries and historical periods are different. As an advanced economic development model evolved from the practice of modern agriculture in Zhejiang Province, high-efficiency eco-agriculture is an important trend and orientation for the modern agriculture in the new stage. But there’s no adequate research in this field and no consensus among the literature, governmental policy departments and implementing departments. The paper aims at providing an overall, comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations and operation mechanism of circular-economy-based modern agriculture which has an extensive applicable prospect, finds out the components and basic elements of the supporting system, construct a comparatively complete analytical framework for the theories and practices of high-efficiency eco-agriculture, hence explain and guide the agriculture and rural modernization in Zhejiang Province.As a whole, the research is cross-disciplinary. Based on the analysis and review of the previous research, the paper uses theories on circular economics, agricultural economics, regional economics and development economics and adopts field work such as interviews and questionnaire surveys. It combines the theoretical analysis and empirical research and analyzes and concludes the origin, development and scientific connotations of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in Zhejiang. It deeply analyzes the typical practical models, development effects and determinants of high-efficiency eco-agriculture and studies its development strategies and corresponding institutional innovations to answer the questions such as what’s high-efficiency eco-agriculture, how to construct and improve it. The paper consists of 9 chapters which can be divided into 4 parts, introduction (Chapter 1), theories (Chapters 2-4), practices (Chapters 5-8) and conclusions (Chapter 9).The first section is the theoretical research on high-efficiency eco-agriculture (Chapters 2-4).This section firstly briefly analyzes, reviews the theories and researches on modern agriculture and agricultural circus economy (Chapter 2), analyzes and compares the successful practices and development trends of modern agriculture in the agriculturally developed countries such as Israel, Taiwan and the Yangtze Delta (Chapter 3) to provide theoretical and practical foundations for the development and improvement of high-efficiency eco-agriculture (Chapter 4, core chapter) and agricultural modernization. And with the guidance of theories and practices of circular economy, the section analyzes, studies and concludes the origin, development evolution, scientific connotations, basic characteristics, major roles, meaning, practical models, development logics and framework of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in Zhejiang to have an overall study of the fast-growing and prosperous high-efficiency eco-agriculture in Zhejiang and construct the theoretical and practical framework in this new field, hence provide a reasonable explanation of development of agricultural and rural modernization in Zhejiang.High-efficiency eco-agriculture guided by circular economic theories is an advanced economic development model with the principles of reduction, reuse and resource. It centers on the high efficient use and recycling of resources to pursue higher economic benefits, less resources consumption, lower environmental pollution and more employment of labour force. It’s an innovation caused by the introduction of circular economy and ecology in efficient agriculture as well as an upgrading of eco-agriculture in China under the guide of mass production and industrial competition. It makes the modern agriculture technically feasible, economically reasonable, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly. It’s a benign circulation of production, life and ecology. It not only has the common characteristics of modern agriculture but also overcome the problems of low person-land ratio and scarcity of resources, hence more feasible and practical.The second section is the practical research on high-efficiency eco-agriculture (Chapters 5-8).With the methods of interviews and questionnaire survey(317 valid questionnaires), the sections deeply studies and analyzes the development background, status quo, trend and problems of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in Zhejiang, especially studies the determinants of farmers’ participation into high-efficiency eco-agriculture with Logistic regression model. It also puts forward reasonable suggestions on promoting the construction of high-efficiency eco-agriculture. The empirical study shows that farmers’ willingness to adopt high-efficiency eco-agriculture model depends on the area of farmland, income from agriculture, membership with agricultural cooperative organizations, access to financial credits. Different factors have different effects. The area of farmland has a significantly negative effect on their willingness. The other three factors all have positive effects. The characteristics of household heads, environment and farmers’ knowledge on quality safety and ecology have little effects, therefore not included in the estimate model.With the high-efficiency animal raising, especially pig raising as an example, the paper further analyzes and evaluates the problems and challenges of the high-efficiency eco-agriculture (Chapter 6). Technicians in the ecological animal raising park are interviewed and surveyed with questionnaires (167 valid questionnaires). It also surveys and concludes the high-efficiency eco-agriculture development model which is characterized by the environmentally friendly disposal of animal and agriculture waste and large scale and standardized production in Pinghu City. The chapter also statistically analyzes the potential differences between ecological animal raisers and other high-efficiency eco-agriculture farmers.It also establishes an index evaluation system of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in Zhejiang with the Delphi and AHP methods, and factor analysis and discusses the application and improvement of the above-mentioned index system.The section also constructs a complete high-efficiency eco-agriculture development strategy and governmental supporting policy system which is in accordance with the reality of Zhejiang and meets the requirements of WTO(Chapter 8). It also studies the governmental policy innovation on promoting high-efficiency eco-agriculture and agricultural modernization in Zhejiang from the micro, medium and marco levels to provide a good atmosphere and mechanism for the modern agriculture in terms of technology, institution and concepts and promote the development and optimization of regional economy.The research for the first time systematically studies the meaning and prospect of high-efficiency eco-agriculture as a modern industry. It not only enriches the research contents, thoughts and methods of modern agriculture and circular economy but also facilitates the governmental support, guide and service of high-efficiency eco-agriculture. It will reasonably explain and scientifically guide the practice of agriculture and rural modernization in Zhejiang and find out a sustainable development way to modern agriculture with high technology, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, low environmental pollution, fully use of human resources, developed production, rich life, good environment and harmonious relationship between man and nature. The research fruits can be referential to the governments and departments and are significant for the modern agriculture construction in the developed coastal area and the whole country.更多还原