沈从文小说的乡下人意识和原始情欲与近世白话小说的形态

【作者】 黄琦旺；

【导师】 章培恒；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国文学古今演变， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本论文以沈从文(1902-1988)小说的乡下人意识与原始情欲,两个最突出的风格和母题为主线,对比近世(13-19世纪)白话小说文人俳谐滑稽的形态以及嗜好情欲的母题。两者的对比和其中抒情叙事的形式有关。沈从文“抽象抒情”的书写形式和近世文人“重省传统的抒情人生观,以叙事新形式涵盖更广阔的经验视野”,在一定程度上延伸了抒情传统的意义。乡下人意识和俳谐滑稽,以“童心”的视角构成了特殊的反讽文体;而原始情欲和“嗜好情欲”的母题,深具主体性和个体自觉的情境。以叙述学观点来看,反讽文体是“镜子文本”,在现实抑制下失却主体性的个体,以复述和复写故事展现故事世界里不断延伸的生命力。情欲的母题则是个体推开虚空的知识和道德规范,从自然人性上反观“生命”。这样的风格和母题,诉诸“内在化”或心感,以抒情形式“保存自我现时的经验”为作品的本体或内容。乡下人意识和俳谐滑稽呈现出愚騃、谐趣和孤独的生命情境。书写者以这样的形态作为假面,观看人性和现实。这样的文体尝试以故事叙述表现出与正统话语的相对,寻求个体生命的自觉。两刻《拍案惊奇》、《金瓶梅词话》以及《红楼梦》的本色,初心、真假诡谲、痴顽净洁的文体本质,和沈从文的小说乡下人意识的抒情视角皆具有这样的生命自觉。原始情欲的母题以抒情的心理,探寻乡下人、自然人或近世所谓真人“指向社会生活的私人领域的原初标志”。在人性的姿态和情欲压抑之间,沈从文小说和《金瓶梅词话》都执意从黑暗、丑陋、卑鄙猥琐中探寻其庄严华丽;沈从文“抽象抒情”的修辞,欲“弥合声音和符号之间的鸿沟”来粘合虚和实之间的罅隙则和《红楼梦》在真假、情欲道德、抑制狂放之间寻求平衡,具有共同的审美意识。它们都以情欲的本身面目来排拒色情意识,尝试保有“干净清白”或“优美,健康,自然而又不悖乎人性的人生形式”。抒情叙事的风格和母题,在沈从文意识到的“故事复述”当中展开近世白话小说和现代小说“说故事者的空间”。这个故事空间在近世被视为“奇书”,在沈从文则是一个书写者的“边城”。这个边界的风景隐喻文人内心欲超越的界域。从近世白话小说到沈从文,运用许多故事本源重新创作的叙事形态,借原型批评来概括,则是人类集体文学想象的实践。在这样的想象当中,一个民族以及其个体的生命随着故事的重创,得以再生。从这点本论文看到中国现代小说继承近世白话小说抒情叙事的真正意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The objective of this thesis is to compare the rural folk conscious-style as well as the erotically primitive-motif of Shen Congwen(1902-1988),with the style of mockery comic and boldly erotic in vernacular novels from the Pre-modern(13th-19thcentury). Both the Modern and the Pre-modern "literalists" share a common lyrical form of narrative.While Shen used the abstraction of the lyrical form to portray the humanistic compassion of mankind,the Pre-modern literalists employed the aestheticism of the lyrical form of traditional chinese writings in a narrative way to enhance the depiction of life’s experiences in a broad perspective.Both Shen’s rural folk conscious-style and the mockery comic style of the Pre-modern literalists allowed each to ironicize life’s experiences in childish naivety relevant to each historical context.In addition,the erotic motifs in both cases raise the subjectivity and self awakedness.From the view of the Theory of Narratives,ironic literature is form of "mirror-text" that helps one to see his subjectivity within the suppressions ruling his life.Repetitive story telling maintains one’s " will to live".Erotic plots in the narrative stories represent life’s natural drives and in essence promotes the use of ones own experience to fulfill one’s own meaning in life as opposed to being blindly led by strict ethics and empty knowledge.The style and motif of lyrical writing require an internalization of the human experience.In this thesis,a comparison of the novels by Shen Congwen to that of the vernacular novels of Pre-modern:Pal An Jing Qi(Amazing Tales),Jin Ping Mei(The Plum of the Golden Vase) and Hong Lou Meng(Dream of The Red Chamber),revealed three characteristics that are common in the life situations of the authors and that of the characters in their tales:foolishness,funny and isolation.The Modern and Pre-modern lyricists used these characters as masks to face the realities of their period,in other words,to oppose generally accepted beliefs and instead,evaluate life with childish naivety.From analysis of the eroticism in the novels by Shen to that in the vernacular novel Jin Ping Mei,it is proposed that authors from these different historical periods were making an artists impression of life’s solemnity and magnificence through the dark,evil and crude side of human nature.Besides the comparison of Shen’s novels with Hong Lou Meng shows both analyzation employed the lyrical narrative form to express the opposite nature of abstraction versus reality,prudence versus eroticism and the inhibited versus the bohemian.Instead of the Pornography way of writing,the authors presented a clean,beautiful,healthy and natural way of life that does not oppose basic human nature.Through the analysis of Shen Congwen’s novel Bian Cheng(The Border Town ), I am reminded of repetitive story telling and the Pre-modern vernacular stories,were all in a space that is the border.This is a metaphor of the border in one’s mind that one tries to cross.According to the theory of Northrop Frye,repetitive stories is like the collective unconscious of human minds.In this respect,one can deduce that the message of the lyrical narratives of Modern and Pre-modern stories could be to maintain the collective unconscious,whereby to raise the individual self awareness.In this point of view,this thesis shows the meaning of inheritance between Chinese modern novels and Pre-modern vernacular novels in such lyrical form of narrative.更多还原