【作者】 于乃胜；

【导师】 牟志美； 李传荣；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 森林培育， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 生态系统生产功能下降、生物多样性减少、水旱灾害日益频繁、大气和水体污染加剧等等这些全球性和区域性的生态环境危机严重威胁到人类的生存与发展。黄河滩地生态防护林在区域经济发展、维持区域生态安全中发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而长期以来,人们只关心生态防护林的直接价值,即立木价值和林副产品的收益上,忽视了涵养水源、保育土壤、营养物质循环等间接效益。因此,适时研究现有黄河滩地生态防护林的结构和生态功能,既可提高人们对生态防护林的认识,也可为科学经营黄河滩区生态防护林提供理论依据。本文以济南市长清区黄河滩地的生态防护林为研究对象,选择生产上广泛应用的经营模式,采用专家咨询法构建了黄河下游滩区生态防护林生态系统服务的计量与价值评估指标体系,并采用空间代时间、定位观测与动态模拟相结合的方法,通过野外调查和资料收集,计量和评估了水源涵养、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化环境等多种生态服务的功能及其价值。所获结论可黄河滩地生态防护林的可持续经营提供依据。主要结论如下:（1）计量与评估体系从森林生态系统服务的内涵入手,结合生态防护林的特点,建立了生态防护林生态系统服务计量和价值评估指标体系。从一定程度上填补了国内对生态防护林生态系统服务研究的空白。体系中一级指标3个,二级指标10个,三级指标21个。（2）防护林调节小气候作用同一品种相同密度的防护林防风效能随风力等级的提高而提高,而随林龄的增加而下降,8m风速范围内,最大防风效能超过60%以上;不同杨树品种之间的防风效能差异不显著。防风效能和风速之间存在正相关关系,模型拟合以Expotential Association的效果最优。生态防护林造林后,其调温增湿作用及其价值随林龄的增加而增强。其中增温作用林龄从2a到10a平均调节温度的幅度由0.1℃逐渐增大至2.03℃,各林龄的年调节温度价值分别为1512、6312、12768、16848、21072、26328、29328和30096和30528元·h-1·hm^-2,调温耗电量、调温价值与林龄之间以Logistic模型拟合的效果最优;在增湿作用方面,林龄从2a到10a平均调节湿度的幅度由2%逐渐增大至3.35%,每公顷不同林龄的防护林每年增加湿度的价值依次为78.34、88.13、99.1、109.67、116.72、119.49、127.69、129.65和131.21元,增湿耗电量及其价值采用Expotential Association拟合效果较好;黄河滩地生态防护林的调温增湿价值合计分别为1590.34、6400.13、12867.1、16957.67、21188.72、26447.46、29455.69、30225.65和30659.21元·a^-1·hm^-2。（3）生物多样性长清黄河滩地造林后,生物多样性受到严重的影响。植物多样性不高,以草本植物为主,随着造林密度的减小有一定程度的增加;中林46品种的林地可以蕴含更多的多样性资源。黄河滩地生态防护林栖息蝗虫8种,优势种为短额负蝗、长额负蝗和日本蚱,区系成分广布种占62.5%,东洋种和古北种分别占12.5%和25%。蝗虫密度都在安全密度以下,与人工地面蝗虫防治相比,每年每公顷的抑蝗价值为166.3元。滩地防护林为喜鹊提供了营巢环境,营巢数量随林龄的增加而增加,从4a开始由0.08个/hm2增加9a的1.66个/hm2。从4a至9a,喜鹊控制害虫的价值依次由16元/hm2依次增加到46、110、148、222和332元/hm2。（4）涵养水源服务滩地造林改善了土壤的粒级组成和土壤水源涵养功能。防护林的水源涵养功能年均价值中,同一品种随密度的减小而减小,介于13164.6元/hm2和9910.0元/hm2之间;同一密度3m×8m的I107、L35、中荷1号和中林46林地之间,年际平均饱和蓄水量分别为1907.9、1863.9、1870.0和2128.9 t/hm2,年均蓄水价值分别为10901.4、10650.3、10685.3和12164.6元/hm2,中林46的涵养水源作用最大。（5）保育土壤生态防护林可以有效保育土壤,其中减少废弃地价值1.31元·hm^-2·a^-1,保持土壤肥力价值319.8元·hm^-2·a^-1,防止泥沙淤积的价值10.97元·hm^-2·a^-1;林龄2a至9a增加有机质的价值为335.44、1492.12、1893.20、4423.25、11321.42、13248.42、18287.79和32542.05元·hm^-2·a^-1;累计每年每公顷保育土壤的价值分别为667.52、1824.20、2225.28、4755.33、11653.50、13580.50、18619.87和32874.13元·hm^-2·a^-1。（6）净化环境生态防护林有较大的净化环境作用。其中净化水质的价值为6775.28元hm^-2a^-1;9a或10a固碳释氧价值介于11146.9～19684.91元hm^-2a^-1,滞尘价值为1718.7元hm^-2a^-1。（7）直接实物产品的计量与价值杨树个体生长曲线均呈“S”型,林分材积生长与密度成反比关系。长清黄河滩地杨树生态防护林树高和胸径方程以多项式方程为最优,单木材积和林分的材积生长的最优拟合方程为Logistic模型,各模型的相关系数均达0.99以上。造林初期间作1～3a,密度大于625株/hm2的林地通常只间作1a,可获得纯收入6599.25～10420.37元/hm2,低密度林地可以适当延长间作期1～2a。8a时不同密度的立木产品和木材剩余物价值依次是3m×3m>3m×5m>4m×6m>4m×4m>3m×8m。品种间相比I107和中林46最受欢迎并广泛栽植。滩地防护林2a到10a时,3m×3m、3m×4m、3m×5m、4m×6m的中林46累计价值分别为16.62、10.74、10.31、12.00万元/hm2,9a的3m×8m的中林46、L35、I107和中荷1号分别为10.12、9.34、11.48和9.93万元/hm2。林龄6～9a时林木年收益达到最大,其后1～3a内更新利用可以获得最大经济效益。因此生产上通常在7～9a主伐更新。（8）生态防护林生态服务总价值长清区生态防护林生态系统服务功能给人类带来了巨大的经济价值,主要从活立木蓄积、林副产品方面给人类带来直接的福利;同时,还对起着涵养水源、保育土壤、气体调节、净化环境和气候调节等作用。其中单位面积生态防护林的生态系统服务的直接价值和间接价值比值介于1.74和9.28之间。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays, our survival and development have been threatened seriously by the global and territorial ecological environment crisis, such as ecosystem productivity decrease, biodiversity loss, frequent flood and drought disasters, atmospheric and water pollution etc. The ecological protective forest （EPF） plays more and more important role in promoting the regional economic development and maintaining its eco-safety in lowland of the Yellow River. However, for a long time, People only care about the value of tangible products from ecological protective forest, while ignore that of intangible products, such as water and soil conservation, cycle of nutrients etc. Therefore, there are great significances to study the structure and function for the forests in the lowland of the Yellow River. In this paper, the typical plantations in Changqing district, Jinan City, were selected. A measurement and assessment index system was set up by using the method of expert consults, and the method of space substituting time and simulation combined with location survey, were used to measure and evaluate the ecosystem services, including water and soil conservation, CO2 fixation and O2 release, purifying environment and so on. The researches can provide with guidance for the sustainable management of ecological protective forests. The main conclusions show in the following:⑴Measurement and assessment index system for the EPF in lowland of the Yellow riverBased on the connotation of the forest ecosystem services, combined with the characteristics of EPF, a measurement and assessment index system was put forward, which includes 3 first class indexes,10 second class indexes and 21 third class indexes.⑵Microclimate regulation of EPFFor same species and density, the ability of wind-resistance of EPF increases as wind speed increasing, while falling with forest age growing. The maximum wind-resistance effect was more than 60% in the area less than 8 m/s. Wind-resistance ability had no significant differences among poplar varieties. There is positive correlation between wind-resistance ability and wind speed, and the best simulation model is Expotential Association.The effects of temperature-adjusting and humidity-enhancing increases with age growingt after EPF established. The average range of temperature-regulating is 0.1℃in 2-year-old foest while that is 2.03℃in 10-year-old forest. The temperature-adjusting value of the forest ranges from 2-year-old to 10-year-old, and its value is 1512, 6312, 12768, 16848, 21072, 26328, 29328, 30096 and 30528 CNY·h-1·hm^-2 respectively, and the relation between electricity-consumption and age, together with temperature-adjusting value and forest age was best described by the Logistic model.The net humidity increase is from 2% in the 2-year-old forest to 3.35% in the 10-year-old.The humidity-adjusting value ranged from 2-year-old to 10-year-old is 78.34, 88.13, 99.1, 109.67, 116.72, 119.49, 127.65 and 131.21 CNY·h-1·hm^-2 respectively, and the relationship between electricity-consumption and humidity-increasing value is best described by Expotential Association. The total value of temperature-adjusting and humidity-adjusting of EPF in lowland of the Yellow River were 1590.34,6400.13,12867.1,16957.67,21188.72,26447.46,29455.69,30225.65 and 30659.21CNY·a^-1·hm^-2, respectively.⑶Biodiversity in lowland of the Yellow riverThe biodiversity is significantly affected after the forest cultivated. The diversity is low in which the plants were mainly composed by herb species, and the diversity indexes increases as the forest density decreasing. The biodiversities of poplar Zhonglin 46 plantations are higher than that of others.There are 8 kinds of grasshopper and the dominant species are Atractomorpha sinensis, A. lata, and Tetrix japonica. The widespread species, Oriental species and Palaerctic species occupy 62.5%, 12.5% and 25% respeetively. The density of grasshoppers was below the safe level and the grasshopper-controlling value is 116.3 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2 compared with the artifical control.The pie magpie nests increase as the forest age growing, it’s 0.08 nest/ha2 in the 4-year-old forest and 1.66 nest/ha2 in the 9-year-old forest. The pest-controlling value of magpies was respectively 16, 46, 110, 148, 222 and 332 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2 in the forest ranging form 4-year-old to 9-year-old.⑷Water conservation services in lowland of the Yellow riverThe soil particle proportion and water conservation ability are improved by the EPF. For the same variety, the water conservation value decreases with density decline, which ranged from 13164.6 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2 to 9910.0 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2. For different varieties of the same density, that of Zhonglin 46 was the maximum, and the average annual saturating water storage of I107, L35 and Zhonghe 1 and Zhonglin 46 were respectively 1907.9, 1863.9, 1870.0 and 2128.9 t/hm2,and the average annual water-storing value was 10901.4, 10650.3. 10685.3 and 12164.6 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2 respectively.⑸Soil conservation in lowland of the Yellow riverThe soil is effectively conserved by the EPF. The value of reducing abandoned-land is 1.31 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2, the value of soil fertility is 319.8 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2 , and the value of reducing sediment-accumulation is 10.97 CNY·a^-1·ha^-2. The value of organic matter increasing was respectively 335.44,1492.12,1893.20,4423.25,11321.42,13248.42,18287.7 and 32542.05 CNY·ha^-2·a^-1 ranging from 2-year-old to 9-year-old and the total values of soil conservation are 667.52,1824.20,2225.28,4755.33,11653.50,13580.50,18619.87 and 32874.13 CNY·ha^-2·a^-1.⑹Environment purification in lowland of the Yellow riverThe value of water purification is 6775.28 CNY ha^-2a^-1, CO2 fixation and O2 release value is between 11146.9～19684.91CNY ha^-2a^-1 for 9a or10a. Dust control value was 1718.7 CNY·ha^-2·a^-1.⑺The measurement and evaluation of direct products of EPFThe growth curve of the poplar individual all showed as S type, and there is negtive relationship between the volume and the density. The polynomial model is the best to simulate the tree height and diameter equation, while logistic model is best for the single wood volume and stand volume. The coefficient of each model is more than 0.99.In the first 3a, only 1a intercrop is available for the stand density more than 625individual/ha2, which can get net income of 6599.25～10420.37CNY/ha2, low density stand can prolonged intercropping stage 1～2a properly.The total value of timber and remainder in 8a is 3m×3m>3m×5m>4m×6m>4m×4m>3m×8m.I107, and Zhonglin 46 are the most popular among poplar varieties. From 2a to 10a, the acumulative values of 3m×3m, 3m×4m, 3m×5m, 4m×6m of Zhonglin46 are166.2, 107.4, 103.1, 120.0thousand CNY/ha2, that of 3m×8m of Zhonglin46, L35, I107 and Honghe 1 are 101.2, 93.4, 114.8 and 99.3 thousand CNY/ha2. The largest annual income is 6～9a, therefore the utilization is usually in age 7～9a in practice. ⑻Total value of ecosystem servicesThe EPF has brought about tremendous economic benefit for us, wich is mainly from stand volume, forest byproduct. At the same time, it can also provides water and soil conservation, gas regulation, environment purification, climate regulation etc. the value ratio of direct value per unit area to that of indirect value are ranging from 1.74 to 9.28.更多还原