【作者】 张运吉；

【导师】 王秀峰； 朴永吉；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 园艺工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本研究主要利用实验、调查、问卷、询问、文献等方法,采用了集中量数分析、累积度数分析、离散度分析、SPSS主成分分析和SAS方差分析、赖克特和沙斯通量表分析等方法,对老年人的公园利用进行了系统分析,以期为适合老年人的公园设计提供理论指导。研究内容涉及到公园利用中的个人属性和公园内容两大部分,得到如下结论:一、关于公园利用中老年人的个人属性研究结论:1、老年人的年龄结构,中龄(70-79)老年人人数最多(46.10%),高龄(80-89)老年人的人数最少(16.46);与一般人相比,来公园的老年人数(65%)占明显优势。性别方面,男女比例为1.03,即公园利用中男女人数几乎相等。从文化程度看,老年人的文化程度明显低于一般人。就心理需求而言,老年群体对公园表现出明显的就近、安全、健身、舒适、方便等方面的生理及心理需求。这些需求要求10平方米以内的中小型活动空间、明快色块配置、简练的线条表达、舒适的迎合身体弧线的休息座椅、方向感明确的游赏线路等。2、就身体需求而言:步幅最佳取值区间39.27cm—74cm。连续台阶在2级以下,每级抬高17cm-22cm最为适宜;连续台阶在6级以上取15cm-17cm最为合适;设台阶在12级以上,则最好在中间做平地缓冲段。0%、4%、8%、12%、18%的坡路上休息设施出现频度分别为1次/250m、1次/70m、1次/35m、1次/20m、1次/10m。交流直径最好区间3m以内。老年人最佳观赏距离适合公式:在垂直视场30°内时,L≈3.22(H-h);在水平视场45°内时,L≈1.06W。3、就老年人的审美而言,由于生理原因,对单一色彩,老年人更喜欢中明度组的色彩。同时选择红色的女性老年人比例明显高于男性。在色彩配置方面,老年人普遍青睐于艳丽、视觉冲击强、易于视觉感知的色彩或色彩搭配。由于心理原因,大部分老年人表现出对暖色调色彩的偏爱,他们从潜意识里希望通过这些接近阳光的色彩暗示充满活力的生活,找寻曾有的青春印迹。二、关于老年人公园利用与公园内容的研究:1、适合老年人的公园服务半径的三个梯次:500m以内为门槛距离,500m-600m为就近距离,600m-1500m为方便距离,1500m-2000m为可达距离。根据城市地理学中心地理论,提出城市中公园分布的1:2:4理想模式。该模式保证了1区内老年人到二级公园拥有方便距离,到一级公园拥有可达距离;2区内老年人到一级公园拥有方便距离,到二级公园拥有可达距离;3区老年人到一级公园拥有就近距离,到三级公园拥有可达距离;4区内老年人到一级公园拥有门槛距离,到小游园拥有可达距离。这样形成一个相辅相成、互为补充的公园绿地网络,满足绝大多数老年人在距离上对公园绿地的游憩需求。2、公园规模与老年人公园利用的关系:单纯的公园规模与利用公园的老年人人数、利用频度和滞留时间和来园距离没有直接的相关性。3、公园中的常规设施按其使用功能分成五大类:观赏、健身、休息、娱乐、辅助设施,下面分成31小类,研究结果表明,老年人对公园中设施的满意度低(低于50%),认为目前公园设施中存在最突出的问题是严重缺乏管理,其次是种类不丰富、数量不足。进一步研究得到老年人对各类设施青睐程度的排序。最喜爱的健身设施是各项健身器材,而且对健身器材最关注的是其活动量,以下依次是安全、暖色、线条流畅、材质温和。最喜爱的娱乐设施是棋牌乐园,而且对棋牌乐园最关注的是空间安全,其次是遮荫良好、卫生、优美、围合;最喜爱的观赏设施是山体、水体、坐凳和植物,对坐凳进一步研究得到结论,老年人关注的坐凳属性依次是质地温和、遮荫良好、有靠背、扶手、暖色调;老年人认为公园中最重要的辅助设施前三位是垃圾箱、厕所、指示牌。对厕所进一步调查得到结论,老年人认为公园公厕重要的属性依次是数量充足、就近如厕、不收费、卫生、美观。4、公园空间研究中,把空间要素分成8大类(17小类)。根据调查区域的平均利用人数和平均利用形式的数量将10处的调查区域分为4大类型。即利用人数和利用形式均少的调查区域☆,利用人数较多而利用形式较少的调查区域域,利用形式较多却利用人数较少的调查区域○,利用人数和利用形式均多的调查区域●,统计结果用SAS数学软件分析得到结论:空间的观赏性、遮荫条件、水体植物、健身和休息条件是影响老年人空间利用的最重要因素。同时,空间的安全性、可达性及半围合也是老年人较关注的空间要素。更多还原

【Abstract】 The article used the methods of investigating;questionnaire;asking and documents to study the present situation of utilization of parks by elderly and use Analysis of number accumulation ; analysis of liner; SPSS and SAS statistic software; Likert Scale and Equal-Appearing Intervals to deal with data in order to provide some new theoretical guidance for the likely parks for the elderly. Both individual attribute and park Contents come within the scope of this article and conclusions are obtained as follows:Research on the physical characteristics of the elderly in their utilization of parks: In the eyes of the Age structure of elderly, the largest (46.10%) group is middle age elderly (70-79) and the least (16.46) group is high age elderly (80-89). In the eyes of the sex ratios, a male to female ratio of 1.09:1 and 1.03 means that the numbers of male and female is nearly equal. In the eyes of the cultural structure of elderly, educational level of the elderly is apparently less than common people. In the eyes of the mental needs, elderly urgently needs for getting near; safe, comfort and convenient parks and this means active space less than ten square metres; a bright color design; terse lines;comfort seat and determinate route for one to explore, re-visit etc.In the eyes of the physical need,The best range of a variable of Stride Length is between in 39.27cm—74cm. If the continuous steps less than two that the best high of a step should be between 17cm-22cm.; If the continuous steps more than six that the best high of a step should be between 15cm-17cm; If the continuous steps more than twelve that it should be level roads in half to buffer tired. If the lope of a rout is 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 18% that it should have seats every 250m; 70m; 35m; 20m; 10m. The best communicate diameter is less than 3m. The most fit Formula of the distance to watch is L≈3.22(H-h)in vertical scope of 30°and is L≈1.06W in horizontal scope of 30°.In the eyes of the appreciation of the beauty of the elderly, The old people likes to be hit by color of lightness group more because of physiology. The proportion choosing the red female old people at the same time overtops the male sex obviously. Color allocation aspect, Major old people are fond of gorgeous, intense, easy perception color or color collocation more. Major old people are fond of warm-toned collocation more because of mentality due to they live from hoping that the color by the fact that these approach sunlight drops a hint of being full of a vigor’s and Look for once some youth print.Result about park content:The park serve radius suitable to old people have three grades that threshold distance within 500 ms and 500 m-600m are right away at short range and 600 m-1500m are convenient distance and 1500 m-2000m are may reaching distance. Based on centre field theory of the city geography we bring forward 1:2:4 ideal patterns to distribute the park in the city. This pattern can ensured that old people in 1 area owns convenient distance to two stage park and owns reaching distance to one stage park,; old people in 2 area own convenient distance to one-level park and owns reaching distance to two-level park; The old people in 3 area owns convenient range to one-level park and owns reaching distance to three-level park; The old people in 4 area owns short range to one-level park and owns reaching distance to neighborhood park. Thus form a park network complementing each other to make the old people satisfied with distance to the park.Relation of park scale and the old people using of parks:Simple park scale has not direct correlativity with the number, using frequencies, staying time, coming distance of the elderly.We divide routine facilities in park into five major kinds according to the function including View and admire, body-building, rest, entertainment, auxiliary facilities and subdivide them into 31 small kinds. The degree of satisfaction the old people to facilities is low (<50%). They think that the most outstanding problem in park facilities being grave manages at present; the kind does not enrich and quantity is insufficient secondly. Further study gets the order of all kinds of facilities; what the elderly fond of most is body-building equipment s among body-building facilities and show s that they solicitude for the activity amount most and the following is safety , warm tone color , fluent line , mild material quality; The elderly fond of the chess and plate paradise most among the entertainment facilities in parks and shows that they solicitude for the space safe for the most; the following is safe , well shading, hygiene, graceful and surrounded; The elderly fond of the mountain, water, seat and plant most among the View and admire facilities and shows that they think the most important attributes of the seats are mild material quality, well shading, having the seat back ,arm and warm tones color; The elderly care of the garbage can , toilet , facial most among the auxiliary facilities in parks and shows that they think the most important attributes of the toilet is abundance, close , free , hygiene and beautiful.In research of park space, we divided the space elements into 8 big categories (17 smaller categories). 10 places being inquired into 4 big types according to the average number and utilization forms of elderly of areas, which are those that investigation areas elderly number and utilization forms are all little; investigation areas elderly number is many and utilization forms are little; investigation areas elderly number is little and utilization forms are many; investigation areas elderly number and utilization forms are many. The result counting uses SAS mathematics software to analyze and get result: The most important space elements are View and admires, umbrageous condition, wave plant, body-building and rest condition. In the same time, safe, conveniently researching and rounded are cared by elderly too.更多还原