【作者】 肖涛；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文集中研究同场对抗性集体项群比赛中的攻守转换问题。主要运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、层次分析法和比较法,选取具有较高代表性的篮球、足球两个项目,以及手球和曲棍球的比赛作为研究对象,进行了相关研究。论文首先以军事学当中的进攻和防守两个概念的起源为切入点,从时间和空间两个维度出发,论及军事进攻和防守的手段、距离和能力等问题。继而通过逻辑分析方法,强调了同场对抗性集体项群比赛中的攻守转换是在进攻行为和防守行为之间进行过渡的必要条件,是进攻和防守之间的角色更替,并据此确定攻守转换与进攻和防守一样,都是性质独立的战术行为过程。本课题研究的主要是在战术层面上的攻守转换过程。攻守转换包括两个方面:其一是攻转守,其二是守转攻,攻转守和守转攻都开始于对失控活球的争夺,获得球权,则防守结束,进入守转攻,一旦发动进攻,则守转攻结束;失去球权,由进攻结束,进入攻转守,按战术要求,找到并落实自己的盯人防守(人盯人)或进入既定防守阵形中相应的位置(阵地防守),则防守开始,攻转守结束。其次,依据攻守转换过程中的不同特点,对同场对抗性集体项群比赛中的攻守转换过程进行了多种体系的分类。其中,最核心的分类是以比赛过程中运动员状态转换的速度为依据,将攻守转换过程分为瞬间攻守转换、快速攻守转换和迫延攻守转换。第三,从引起攻守转换的因素入手,本文研究了攻守转换的不同方式。认为攻守转换有直接和间接两种不同方式。攻守转换过程方式中的配合方式和方法,对攻守转换的顺利进行有着重要影响;参与转换行为的人数、配合、转换的路线及不同的转换类型均有不同的特点;不同转换方式都各有其最佳的站位布局及配合路线。研究指出直接攻守转换的战术要点是从占位、抢位开始争夺球权;间接攻守转换的战术要点是球进入比赛瞬间的占位和跑位;守转攻的一传和接应决定着推进的速度;攻转守要处理好抢、堵、逼等积极性手段的运用和退守的关系。通过比较发现在攻守转换过程中,我国足球和篮球运动员的一传和接应与世界强队都有明显的差距,我国足球横传和回传次数较多,篮球一传接应点过于靠近篮下,这些战术表现都对推进速度有不良的影响。第四,本文对影响攻守转换速度的因素进行了系统分析,攻守转换速度是攻守转换问题的本质和核心。研究发现:对手攻守转换能力、每队参赛人数、控球手段及控球的稳定性、场地和球的大小、裁判行为和比赛规则以及比赛进行中的不同态势都会对攻守转换速度产生不同程度的影响。第五,篮球和足球两个主要项目运动员攻守转换的操作行为包括争夺活球控制权、守转攻或攻转守两个部分。在争夺活球控制权时,双方总是从占位和抢位开始。当球权归属决定后,非控球方大多是在后场组织封堵抢断,以延缓对方控球者推进的速度。控球方则要首选加快球的推进速度,大部分队员采用分层、分散的方式向前场集中,力争形成快攻的优势。第六,初步确定了攻守转换质量的评价方案。研究发现:在攻守转换意识支配下,攻守转换行为对攻守转换质量有着直接的影响。在影响攻守转换行为的诸因素中,争抢无人控制活球行为的影响最大,其次为退守和推进行为;在争抢无人控制活球的行为中,占位和卡位对其影响最大。在攻守转换意识中,争抢活球意识对攻守转换影响最大,退守和推进意识也对攻守转换意识有较大影响。最后,在整体分析基础上,本人认为加强攻守转换意识的培养应从提高专项智能水平、加大理论和实践结合两方面着手;改善攻守转换行为则应从提高争球能力、守转攻能力和攻转守能力三个方面着手;同时,增强攻守转换体能也是提高攻守转换能力的重要途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article centrally researches the offensive and defensive transition problems in one-court-collision team-event-group competition. Select basketball and soccer as the research objects which have the higher representative, as well as the handball and the hockey competition. The research is mainly used documentary method, logical analytic method, expert review method, questionnaire survey method, level analytic method, comparison test and so on.Taking defend and offense of military conception as the origins, the paper embarks from time and space, which concerns with military offensive and defensive methods, distance and ability problems and so on. This article emphasized the transition in one-court-collision team-event-group competition between the attack behavior and the defensive behavior must meet some essential conditions. And according to the above, transition, like the attack and the defense, is an independent behavior process. Taking this as the premise, the paper has determined some related group of conception relate to transition by using questionnaire survey method and documentary method.Next, according to different characters in transition, the article has carried on systematic classifications. Among them, the most core classification is to take the transition speed as the basis, including the instantaneous transition, the fastest transition and compelled delayed transition.Third, from causes which the offense and defense transition is to obtain, this article has studied the different transition way. The transition has two different ways: direct and the indirect. Teamwork has important influence on transition. Numbers of players, teamwork, transition route and types have the different characteristics. The different transitions all have their best layout positions and teamwork respectively.By comparison, the paper finds our country soccer and basketball athletes all have the obvious disparity with the world first-class team. Our country soccer athletes’ use more horizontal and reverse pass, the basketball players’ outlet pass too close to the basket, which all have no good influence on transition speed. Fourth, this article lists the affective factors to the transition speed systematically, the research discovered that, the transition speed is mainly determined by opponent transition, as well as team number, the method and the stability of controlling the ball, the transition location and the ball size, the referee behaviors also affect transition speed to some degree.Fifth, the transition of basketball and soccer competition includes two processes: struggling for live ball, reverse to attack or reverse to defend. Struggling for live ball begins from occupy the position and snatch the position. After controlling ball is determined, most players that their team has lost ball should seal, snatche the ball in order to delay the opponent advancing speed. The first choice of the players that their team have controlled ball dribble or pass the ball as quick as possible in order to take fast break.Sixth, the paper has initially demonstrated the plan to asses the offensive and defensive transition quality. The research discovers that under the offensive and defensive transition consciousness, the transition behavior has the direct influence on its quality. Among them, the influence the fight for controlling live ball is the biggest, next for retreats and the advancement behavior. Occupying position and the snatching position have the biggest influence on fighting for live ball. In transition consciousness, fighting for live ball consciousness is to be the biggest influence, retreats and advances consciousness also have a more tremendous influence.Finally, on the basis of overall analysis, the author think strengthens the offensive and defensive transition consciousness had better begin from the enhancement special intelligence level, combine the theorywith the practice. The improvement offense and defense transition behavior should begin from three aspects lists below: the enhancement struggling for ball ability, the reverse to attack ability and the reverse to defend ability. At the same time, the enhancement transitional physical ability also is the important way.更多还原