【作者】 刘淑英；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 运动竞赛规则作为竞赛场上中的“法”,保证着竞赛活动的有序进行和持续发展。其好坏可以直接影响运动竞赛的结果和质量,决定运动项目的发展、存亡。好的运动竞赛规则不仅能促进竞赛水平的提高,吸引更多的人参与其中,达到真正教育人、锻炼人的目的,而且会提高比赛的观赏性,使其获得更多的经济支持,进一步促进运动项目的发展。运动竞赛规则是运动竞赛理论体系构建的重要一环,是连接运动竞赛理论和实践的纽带。因此,对其进行系统的理论探讨和研究,对运动项目及其竞赛的发展具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文采用文献资料法、分析综合法、调查问卷法、专家访谈法、词源法、历史考察法和统计分析法,结合运动竞赛实践,对运动竞赛规则的价值、本质特征、演变机制和发展趋势进行了系统的理论研究,得出以下结论:(1)运动竞赛规则的价值依附于运动竞赛的价值。它通过服务于运动竞赛而保证其多元社会价值的实现;通过规定体育运动、维持运动竞赛秩序及其持续发展而促进其竞技价值的达成;(2)运动竞赛规则是一种特殊的群体规范,是以技术规则为基础、以道德规则为导向的、人为设计的游戏规则。具有规范性、概括性和可预测性等基本属性;(3)运动竞赛规则依有无明文规定,可分为正式规则和非正式规则;依各自的功能,可分为构成性规则、范导性规则和技术性规则;(4)客观性和主观性的统一、权威性和灵活性的统一、惩罚性和激励性的统一、普适性和具体性的统一,是运动竞赛规则的四个基本特征;(5)竞赛规则演变的目的是为了促进体育运动发展,满足人们对该项目运动竞赛的需求;演变的目标是对于其价值合理性、工具合理性和形式合理性的不断追求;演变的依据是主体—人对运动竞赛的需求、竞赛中的客观条件和客观规律;(6)各种削弱运动竞赛规则价值合理性、工具合理性、形式合理性的因素引发了竞赛规则的演变。(7)运动竞赛规则的整体发展趋势:继续促进运动项目及其技战术的健康发展;保持构成性规则的稳定存在;更加注重促进“公平竞争”;更加注重规则制定的科学化和制定过程的规范化;在有限伤害范围内更加注重人本化;更加重视加强规则的可操作性;更加注重开发运动项目的商业价值以及达成目标的挑战性。(8)体能主导类诸项群竞赛规则的发展趋势:追求成绩的“更快、更高、更强”;更加追求竞赛条件的公正;制定程序更加规范;提高竞赛的观赏性;使竞赛更人性化。(9)技战能主导类表现难美性项群竞赛规则的发展趋势:追求动作评判和打分的公平、公正;继续对难度的追求和探索;“美”是本项群竞赛规则的不变追求;力争“难”与“美”兼顾;更加人性化。(10)技战能主导类隔网对抗性项群竞赛规则的发展趋势:保持判罚结果的相对准确性和客观公正性;继续保持对发球的限制和调整;努力推进攻守平衡;通过赛制改革控制比赛时间;不断提高比赛的观赏性。(11)技战能主导类同场对抗性项群竞赛规则的发展趋势:保持判罚的公正、合理;不断提高比赛的观赏性;加大比赛结果的偶然性;努力推进比赛的攻守平衡;积极开发项目的商业价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sport rules guarantee the order and development of competition as the law in the sport competition court. It may influence the result and quality of competition directly, and determine the development and survival of sport. A good sport rule not only can improve the competition level, attract more people to take part in the sport, realize really the purposes of educating and exercising people, but also can increase the enjoyment of competition, make it obtain more financial support, and promote the development of sport. Sport rule is the key factor for constructing system of sport theory, and the link between competition theory and practice. So,the study on sport rules will have important academic and practical meaning for the sport development and its competition.Systemic theory study on the values, essence characteristics, evolution mechanism and development tendency of sport is carried out by using literature research,analysis and integration, questionnaires, expert interviews, etymology,history examination and mathematical statistics in the paper. The conclusions are as follows:(1)The values of sport rules adhere to the values of sport competition. Its multi-social values are realized by serving competition; Its competitive values are achieved by regulating sport, maintaining its competition order and sustaining development.(2)Sport rules are special group norms and man-made games rules which are based on skill rules and guided by moral rules. They have the basic attributes of regularity, generalization and predictability, etc.(3)Sport rules can be divided into formal and informal rules according to whether they are prescribed concretely, and can be divided into constructive rules, regulative rules and technical rules according to their different functions. (4)The unification of objectivity and subjectivity, authority and flexibility, punishment and inspiritment, universal and materiality, is the four basic features of sport rules.(5)The evolution purposes of sport rules are to promote the sport development and satisfy the people’s demands for its competition; The evolution goal of sport rules is to pursue continually their value, instrument and form rationality. The evolution foundation of sport rules is the people’s demands for sports competition, objective conditions and laws in the sport competition.(6)All kinds of factors which impair the value, instrument and form rationality of sport rules lead to their evolution.(7)The holistic development tendency of sport rules: Promoting the development of sport itself, its technique and tactics; constructive rules will be existed steadily; paying more attention to“fair play”; rules establishment will be more science-oriented; the process of establishing rules will be more standardized; paying more attention to humanization in the range of limited harm; improving the sports’commercial value increasingly; paying more attention the challenge of goals; sport rules will be more maneuverable.(8)The development tendency of strength conditioning dominated event-group sport rules: pursuing the result of“faster, higher, stronger”directly; paying more attention to the fairness of competitive conditions; establishment process of sport rules will become more standard; trying to improve the competition enjoyment; making the competition more humanized.(9)The rules’development tendency of skill and tactics dominated event-group sport with performing difficulty and beauty: pursuing the fairness of judgment and marks; going in for the difficulty continually; beauty is their everlasting pursuit; trying to pay attention to difficulty and beauty at the same time; becoming more humanized.(10)The rules’development tendency of skill and tactics dominated antagonism event-group sport by standing both sides of the net: trying to keep the correctness and fairness of judgment; keeping restricts and adjustments on service continually; pursuing the balance between offence and defence; controlling the competition time by reforming its system; improving the enjoyment of competition.(11The rules’development tendency of skill and tactics dominated antagonism event-group sport by matching in the same court: keeping fair and rational judgment; improving the enjoyment of competition; increasing the uncertainty of competition result; pushing the balance between offence and defence; exploiting the sports’commercial value.更多还原