【作者】 周建刚；

【导师】 蒋国保；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国哲学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 章学诚在清代思想史上占据着特殊的位置,一方面他的学术思想与当时占主流地位的考据学格格不入,以至于在当时的学术界备受冷落;另一方面章学诚又被后世的清代思想史研究者奉为与戴震并列的“清代考证学运动思想代言人”。章学诚思想的这种诡谲命运透露出的信息是,实证主义的思想方法在中国学术界正在逐步退潮,对思想和义理的重视又重新占据了上风。本文首先回顾了自清末至当代百余年来章学诚思想研究的进程与发展,对其中较为重要和有影响力的五部著作进行了具体的评述。在总结前人理论得失的基础上,本文对章学诚的思想作了全面的审视,认为“文史校雠之学”是章学诚学术思想的基础,章学诚以“文史校雠之学”与清代考据学的“经学训诂”分庭抗礼,以“史学明道”为目标,建立了完整而严密的思想体系。就这一思想体系本身进行分析,可分为“历史哲学”、“文本诠释思想”和“考据学批判”三个部分,而最终则是要在“文史之学“的基础上“推原道术”,以史释经,推翻经学的垄断地位。章学诚的“历史哲学思想”论述了“道”在历史进程中的逐步展开,历史变动的最终原因为“理势”。从“理势”的观点来看,古今本为一体,历史学的知识不仅是“藏往”而且是“知来”,因此对历史的理解和认识贵在“心知其意”,“史义论”是章学诚历史认识方法的核心。最后章学诚探讨了各种“史体”的演变,主张以一种灵活变动的方式书写历史。章学诚的“文本诠释思想”是由其历史哲学衍生出来的。章学诚主张在历史书写中要透露出作者主体的“别识心裁”,这不仅是就史学领域而言,而且应该成为一切学术活动的中心原则。章学诚的“文本诠释思想”就建立在“别识心裁”的基础上。章学诚的“文本诠释思想”认为对语言的分析应注重“言外之意”,“文史”知识的构成有其主观性的成分,在具体的诠释方法上,章学诚认为除了要探究客观事实和“作者之心志”,诠释者主观的生存感受也是不可或缺的一环。在现代哲学解释学的视野下,章学诚的“文本诠释思想”体现了“存在论”的特征。章学诚的“考据学批判”则从“衡论戴震”和“六经皆史”两个角度出发,对清代考据学的方法和思想原则进行了批判。在“衡论戴震”部分,章学诚指出戴震的学术能“见古人之大体,进窥天地之纯”,虽以训诂考据为根底但又不为其所牢笼,破汉学“墨守”之执,在思想和义理方面达到了极高的成就。但戴震“心术未醇”,对考据学的方法过分夸大,从而使清代考据学的发展走上了狭窄的专门化道路。在“六经皆史”部分,章学诚从经史源流的关系出发,指出“史为经之源、经为史之遗”,六经是“即器明道”,器变道亦变,对“道”的认识应当从历史事变着眼而不是拘守六经。“六经皆史”批判了清代考据学“经学明道”的思想原则,开辟了以史释经、史学明道的学术路向。本文最后从清中期思想史的变动趋势中考察了章学诚思想的时代意义。清中期的思想界正发生着微妙的变动,汉宋之争趋于激烈,古文经学告退,今文经学兴起,乾嘉考据学在总结自身得失的基础上也在酝酿着“内在转向”,思想界的整体趋势是由“考据事实”向“追询思想”转变,章学诚的思想正是这一变动趋势的反映。同时,章学诚虽然是考据学的批评者,但其思想方法则是清代考据学理论的“会通”和“综合”。在这一意义上,章学诚实为清中期思想史承前启后的人物。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhang Xuecheng was a unique person in the history of thought of qing dynasty. On the one hand, his academic thought was so greatly contradict to the orthodox textual criticism school, to some degrees, those scholars even ignored his existence. But on the other hand, contemporary researchers consider him as the "spokesman of textual criticism movement of qing dynasty", an honor shared by Zhang Xuecheng and Daizheng. The information we can learn from Zhang Xuecheng thought’s unusual fate, that is ,the positivism was gradually ebbed in contemporary Chinese academic circle, but again the importance of philosophical connotations attracted researcher’s attention.Firstly this paper reviewed the process and development of the study of Zhang Xuecheng’s thought, which was spanned around 100 years, and makes concrete comment on 5 most important and influential works among them. Based on previous scholar’s achievements, this paper makes an overall examination into Zhang Xuecheng’s thought. Zhang Xuecheng’s academic thought was based on his "collation theory", Zhang Xuecheng took his "collation theory" as a weapon to against textual criticism school’s "exegetical study", and constructed an complete thought system which was targeted at "illuminating Dao by historical study". If we take a close look and analyze this thought system as itself, no doubt it can be divided into three parts, that is "historical philosophy"," thought of text interpretation" and "critique of textual criticism school". The final purpose of Zhang Xuecheng’s thought is to illuminate Dao on the basis of literature and history, and interpret Confucianism six classics in the sense of history, in short, to demolish the monopoly position of Confucian classics study.Zhang Xuecheng’s "historical philosophy" describes the progress of Dao, it consider the ultimate cause of historical progress is "Lishi". From the point of "Lishi", there is no separation between past and present, the knowledge of history stress not only "learn the past" but also "understand the future". In this sense, the most important point of history knowledge lays on "understand the meaning of history", "meaning of history" is the core of Zhang Xuecheng’s historical cognitive method. Finally Zhang Xuecheng discussed the development of "history recording style", and advocated to write history in a flexible style.Zhang Xuecheng’s "thought of text interpretation" was derived from his "historical philosophy". Zhang Xuecheng held that the historical narration should show author’s unique outstanding perspective. It should be the principle of any academic activities rather than only for historical studies. Zhang Xuecheng’s "thought of text interpretation" based on the idea of "unique outstanding perspective", it laid importance on the comprehension of implication, and also considers that the knowledge of literature and history is somewhat subjective rather than objective. As to the concrete interpretation method, Zhang Xuecheng claimed that besides objective study and exploring author’s mental world, the interpreter’s subjective sense of existence should be consider as an indispensable mechanism in the process of interpretation. In the horizon of contemporary philosophical hermeneutics, Zhang Xuecheng’s "thought of text interpretation " has a feature of“ontology”.Zhang Xuecheng’s "critique of textual criticism school" was started from two perspectives: one is "the comment of Daizhen"; another is "six classics were all history". In the part of "comment Daizhen", Zhang Xuecheng pointed out that Daizhen made great achievements in philosophical connotations, his academic achievements was based on exegetical study, but Daizhen never limited his study in the scope of exegesis and finally comprehended "the ultimate truth of universe". But Daizhen’s moral defect drives him to excessively exaggerated the advantage of textual criticism skill, it resulted in the "narrowness" of textual criticism school of qing dynasty. In the part of "six classics were all history", Zhang Xuecheng closely examined the relations between classics and history, pointed out that" history is the source of classics, classics were the heritage of history". Six classics means to "illuminating Dao through things", if things changes, Dao also changes. To comprehend "Dao", one should stress the importance of history rather than six classics. The theory of "six classics were all history" criticize the thinking principle of textual criticism school of qing dynasty, paves a new academic road for "illuminating Dao through history study".Finally this paper examined the significance of Zhang Xuecheng’s thoughts in the context of history of thought of Mid-qing dynasty. In the period of Mid-qing dynasty, the intellectual world was under a subtle change, the conflict between Han and Song school becomes intensified, ancient classics study subsided, modern script classical learning began to prosper, textual criticism school also summarized its gain and loss in theory and tried a "internal turn". The overall trend of intellectual world was changed from "study facts" to "explore thoughts". To a certain degrees, Zhang Xuecheng’s thought precisely reflected this changing trend. Meanwhile, although Zhang Xuecheng was a well-known critic of textual criticism school of qing dynasty, but his way of thinking is the integration of textual criticism theory of qing dynasty. In this sense, Zhang Xuecheng was actually the person who inherit the past and usher in the future in the history of thought of Mid-qing dynasty.更多还原