【作者】 徐震；

【导师】 任平；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 中国的民主政治的推进和发展是一个重大的理论问题,更是一个重大的实践问题。现实的中国特色商谈政治一方面取得了长足的进步,另一方面也面临一系列问题和矛盾。中国政治生活中的商谈传统只能被理解为民主政治建设的历史的和民族的底蕴,显然不能适应今日的民主政治的要求。在新现代性的语境中,哈贝马斯的商谈政治必然进入我们的视野。中国特色商谈政治的建设和发展既然不能仅仅依靠自身的现实资源和理论资源,在交往走向全球化的时代,政治交往内在地包括政治理论的互动和交往,那么中国的民主政治建设只有充分占有西方有益的政治成果,总结西方政治理论的得与失,才能在面对政治现实中矛盾和问题时,在实践上有更大的选择空间,寻找到解决自身问题,构建适合自己的民主政治的未来之路。哈贝马斯的商谈理论作为当今西方政治哲学中的重要组成部分,当然要成为我们总结和占有的重要一部分。民主政治理论的创新是政治实践和政治改革的前提。理论的创新要立足于现实中国的问题,有针对性地提出问题,在坚持马克思主义的基本原则立场的前提下,与西方展开卓有成效的对话,才能真正推进和构建中国特色的商谈民主政治理论。绪论:中国民主政治建设所处的独特历史境遇之一就是20世纪后半叶西方政治哲学理论的重新崛起尤其表现为商谈政治理论的兴起。商谈政治强调公共商谈过程中自由、平等的公民通过对话、讨论、审视各种相关理论而赋予立法和决策合法性的一种治理形式。在众多的商谈政治理论中,哈贝马斯的商谈政治独具特色。哈贝马斯的思想有着一以贯之的主线即对政治理论和政治实践的关注。第一章交往行动理论是哈贝马斯的整个理论大厦的核心和基础。只有深刻理解交往行动的论证逻辑,才能在深层次上把握商谈政治理论。交往行为理论通过对意识哲学的批判,否定大写的理性和大写的人,重建理性的基础,主体间性是理解哈贝马斯交往行为理论的关节点,哈贝马斯通过对历史唯物主义的改造,形成了交往为核心的历史进化观。哈贝马斯交往行动理论的得失直接导致其商谈政治理论独创性和局限性,超越哈贝马斯交往行动理论只有把交往建立在交往实践基础上。协商政治离不开商谈伦理学。哈贝马斯的商谈伦理学包括两大基本原则,通过商谈伦理原则的论证,哈贝马斯认为商谈是可能的和必需的。哈贝马斯的商谈伦理学的基础是道德普遍主义,把政治与伦理重新结合起来,体现西方政治哲学向传统政治的转向和回归。道德能否成为政治的基础是值得怀疑的。在马克思主义交往实践观看来,道德和政治的基础是经济基础。只有从方法的角度研究理论,才能对商谈政治理论本身有根本的理解,哈贝马斯的商谈政治理论的方法论是以交往行为理论的思维图式为前提的。他实现了哲学立足点的转换,建立起了一套以批判和反思为核心的完整的方法论。实际上,哈贝马斯的方法论远离阶级分析法和唯物辩证法的理解和分析政治的根本方法。第二章商谈政治首先要存在公共领域,政治公共领域就是商谈政治的领域,哈贝马斯主张程序主义的规范性民主模式,认为商谈原则是道德原则和民主原则的共同基础。民主原则是和法律规范同源共生的,是商谈原则的制度化。程序主义的立法过程就是要把商谈程序制度化,并使之受到道德原则的引导。这种商谈论的民主立法过程是一种正当的民主立法过程。在哈贝马斯看来,商谈政治要合法性、合规范性和合道德性。哈贝马斯的商谈政治理论是建立在理性的新理解上的。实际上,理性不能是在先的或抽象的,更不存在共同认可的理性。从交往角度来界定理性,的确是崭新的角度,但是离开实践,理性仅仅存在主体之间,抽掉了更深层的基础。尤其是哈贝马斯把政治建筑在道德伦理之上,而从政治的本质来看,如果政治是超越道德的,把政治放在道德伦理之上时,我们或者看到商谈政治理论的不稳定的基础,或者看到其中的新话语霸权。第三章哈贝马斯的政治哲学直接指向现实讨论规范和法律,必然涉及到正义问题。哈贝马斯的政治哲学是他的学术旨趣的体现,更是其理论的逻辑发展。哈贝马斯认为,正义首先不是一个政治概念,而是一个广泛的社会交往概念,正义是一个社会合法性概念。因为一个规则是否正义,决不仅仅在于它是否实际达到公正与平等,也不在于国家和政府的肯定,而在于社会对之认同与共识的程度。在当代晚期资本主义社会发生的合法性危机,其实质是社会认同的危机,而一切非正义的根源都在于将工具理性冒充正义,导致交往行为领域的异化,要解决正义问题,就必须将正义奠定在广泛的社会主体之间的交往中,探讨商谈政治的合理化问题。第四章商谈政治与中国民主政治的选择密切相关。当今时代哲学背景发生深刻的变化,马克思主义哲学创新为商谈政治理论和实践的创新提供坚实基础。在新现代性视野中,人民根本利益一致的前提下,社会主义初级阶段存在多元利益和矛盾,这正是中国特色商谈政治的现实基础。商谈政治把商谈从政治手段上升为制度安排,把商谈主体从精英扩展为广大公民,促使现代民主从注重偏好的聚集转向注重偏好的具体形成过程,是一种更具有实质民主意义的新型民主形态。商谈民主体现了社会主义民主的本质要求,我们应该积极探索商谈民主的有效实现形式,为构建社会主义和谐政治服务。总之,中国民主政治建设和创新要从自身的民族文化和政治现实中寻找资源,中国文化中的和谐、共生等宝贵思想和数十年来的中国政治的协商理论和实践是我们思考的出发点,也要关注我们特定的时代和特殊的社会现实,新全球化时代造就了中国商谈政治的独特的哲学和实践语境。哈贝马斯的商谈政治观既是西方民主政治的逻辑发展,也是全球化时代理论和实践的产物,契合了中国民主政治的未来方向,成为构建中国特色商谈政治的有益资源,也成为建构中国政治哲学必然要特别审视的珍贵资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 The advance and development of Chinese democracy is a great theory matter and a great practice matter. Today’s China characteristic deliberative politics obtains quiet great progress, facing a series of problems and conflict. Deliberative tradition in Chinese politics life only is apprehended historical and national background of democracy construction, which don’t adapted present-day democracy need. In new modernistic condition, Habermas’deliberative politics certainly enter into our view.China characteristic deliberative politics’construction and development can’t just depend on us politics resource and theory resource. In the age of communication making for globalization, politics communication internally includes politics theory’s communication. China democracy construction only entirely possesses west useful politics fruits, summarizing west politics theory’s gain and loss, which has more choice space in practice and search out to construct our democracy’s future road when meeting politics conflict and problem. As important part of west politics philosophy, Habermas’deliberative politics certainly is becoming important part summarized and occupied. Democracy’s innovation is a precondition of politics practice and politics reform, which base on Chinese true issue and advance pertinence issues. Persisting in Marxist basic principles and positions and opening out fruitful dialogue with west, boosts and forms China characteristic deliberative politics’theory in deed.Introduction: One of special circumstances to Chinese democracy construction is newly growing up for west politics philosophy including deliberative politics. Deliberative politics emphasizes that the public deliberation is a politics form about liberal and equal citizens endow legislation and decision-making validity through dialog zing and discussing and scanning lots of theories. In numerous deliberative politics theories, Habermas’deliberative politics has its feature, which exists persistent clue that attends the relation of politics theory and politics practice.Chapter 1: Communication action theory is the core and foundation of Habermas’whole theoretic mansion. No other than profoundly understanding communication action’s reasoning logic, Habermas’deliberative politics is grasped at deep arrangement. Communication action theory animadverts consciousness philosophy, denies capital sense and capital human, rebuilds rational basement. The intersubjectivity is the key to understand communication action. Habermas forms history evolution that its core is communication through rebuilding history materialism. Habermas’communication action theory’s gains and loss directly lead original creation and localization of his deliberative politics. Only communication is based on communication practice, Habermas’ communication action theory is exceeded. Deliberative politics don’t leave deliberative ethnics. Habermas’deliberative ethnics include two basic principles. Habermas thinks deliberation is possible and necessary through reasoning. The basement of Habermas’deliberative ethnics is moral universalism. Politics and ethic banding together again embodies west politics philosophy’s turning and regress to tradition politics. In fact, that morality is politics’basement is suspectable. In the opinion of Marxist communication practice, morality and politics are economy. Researching methodological theory can ultimately understand deliberative politics. The methodology of Habermas’deliberative politics is based on thinking model of communication action theory. Habermas attains the change of philosophy stand. Actually Habermas’methodology is far from understanding and analyzing politics’ultimate method, which is class analytical method and material dialectics.Chapter 2: Deliberative politics exists in politics public field. Habermas protest procedure criterion democracy mode, considering deliberative principle is common basement of moral principle and democracy principle. Democracy principle and law criterion are commensal, which is systemization of deliberative principle. Procedure lawmaking process is deliberative procedure systemization, which is lead by moral principle. The deliberative democracy procedure is a fairly democracy lawmaking procedure. In Habermas’eyes, deliberative politics is validity and ruled and morality at least. Habermas’deliberative politic bases on new understanding of reason. In practice, reason is not prior and abstract, even more common reason nonentity. That is new point of view from communication angle bounding reason. Reason does not just exist between subjects. In politics essence, if politics overpasses moral, deliberative politics is unstable or new word hegemony when politics is put on moral and ethic.Chapter 3: Habermas’deliberative politics directly point to realism to discuss criterion and law, necessarily come down to justice issue. Habermas’deliberative politics is embodiment of his learning interesting, is logical development of his theory. Habermas considers, justice is not firstly politics concept, but is extensive world communication concept and society validity concept. Being a justice rule, it is not right and equality actually and affirmation of nation and government, but is self-identity and consensus’degree of society. The present age validity crisis of afternoon capitalism is society self-identity crisis in matter. All injustices’roots consist in instrument sense imitating justice, bringing on dissimilation of communication action field. Settling justice issue justice must be established extensive communication among subjects to discuss deliberative politics’rationalization.Chapter 4: Deliberative politics is useful to Chinese democracy’s choice. Philosophy background of times take place profound change, the innovation of Marxist philosophy offers stable base to the innovation of deliberative politics’theory and practice. In the view of new modernity, people’s fundamental interest in socialism primary phase existing multi-interests and conflicts is identical, which is actual base of China characteristic deliberative politics. Deliberative politics hold deliberation from politics means to system arrange, hold deliberative subjects from elites to citizens, impel contemporary democracy from paying attention to hobby assembling to hobby forming which is new style democracy modality of more essential democracy. Deliberative democracy shows essence request of socialism democracy. We should actively search for efficient realization form for constructing harmonious politics of socialism.In conclusion, the construction and innovation of Chinese democracy is in search of resource from our nation culture and politics reality. It is a start of our thought that is valuable thinking of harmony and symbiosis in tradition culture and deliberative theory and practice of China politics tens of years, paying attention to our especial times and society realism that new globalization times brings up unique philosophy and practice condition of China deliberative politics, too. Habermas’deliberative politics is logical development of west democracy and result of theory and practice globalization times. It agrees with future way of Chinese democracy and becomes available wealth of constructing China characteristic deliberative politics, being precious wealth especially surveyed of constructing China politics philosophy.更多还原