【作者】 周义程；

【导师】 乔耀章；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 政治学理论， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在公共产品供给模式的理论研究和实践运作中,纯政府型供给模式和市场型供给模式一直是居于主流地位的两大主导性模式。纯政府型供给模式是指由政府独家包揽公共产品提供和生产的一种具有一定典型性之公共产品供给的标准式样。市场型供给模式则是指将市场价值、市场机制、市场技能和市场主体引入公共产品供给领域,借助市场资源来提供和(或)生产公共产品的一种具有一定典型性之公共产品供给的标准式样。无论是公共产品纯政府型供给模式还是市场型供给模式,都有其存在的必要性或动因,亦有其存在的现实可能性。然而,这两大供给模式均存在着一些单靠自我完善根本无法完全避免的缺陷,而且这些缺陷大都根源于政府及其工作人员的自利性。既然如此,就有必要寻找到一种能够在一定程度上通过制约公共权力来限制自利性,进而提高公共产品供给质量、完善公共产品供给种类、合理化公共产品供给数量、增进公共产品供给的公平性之补充性新模式。在寻找新模式的艰难历程中,因为民主是一种制约政府行使的公共权力之途径,同时因为人民才是公共产品的真正主人,所以公共产品民主型供给模式理论就应运而生了。所谓公共产品民主型供给模式,是指将民主理念、民主体制以及民主方法和技术引入公共产品的提供和生产过程之中,从而试图保证全体公民或多数公民掌握着对公共产品供给的最终统治权的一种具有一定典型性之公共产品供给的标准式样。该模式选取公共产品供给的过程视角,不同于以往的基于供给主体角度做出的模式界分。公共产品民主型供给模式的基本价值导向是民主、公民权和公共利益,其次才是效率。公共产品民主型供给模式从总体上可以划分为公共产品直接民主型供给模式和代议民主型供给模式。公共产品直接民主型供给模式在类型上可以化约为公共产品参与民主型供给模式、公共产品统合性民主型供给模式和公共产品直接协商民主型供给模式。公共产品代议民主型供给模式可以细分为公共产品自由民主型供给模式(包括了精英民主型供给模式和多元主义民主型供给模式)、权威型民主型供给模式、司法型民主型供给模式和代议协商民主型供给模式。此外,从民主的技术手段角度来看,公共产品民主型供给模式可以划分公共产品票决民主型供给模式和公共产品协商民主型供给模式。公共产品票决民主型供给模式可细分为公共产品直接票决民主型供给模式和公共产品代议票决民主型供给模式。公共产品协商民主型供给模式可细分为公共产品直接协商民主型供给模式和公共产品代议协商民主型供给模式。公共产品民主型供给模式在时问指向上主要面对当下和未来,在空间范围上既是全球的,又需考虑国别和地区的差异。公共产品民主型供给模式是完全成功、完全失败还是部分地成功,这些不仅取决于该模式运作中的方法和程序,还同时决定于推行该模式所必须具备的诸种条件。从总体上看,在公共产品民主型供给模式的诸条件中,至少有三类是非常重要的,即物质条件、法治条件和心理条件。其中,物质条件至少包括地理条件、经济条件和技术条件;法治条件中尤为重要的是政治自由和言论自由;心理条件中具有代表性的是宽容、妥协、普遍信任、怀疑精神和现实主义。由于人类智慧的有限性,决定了人们不可能型塑出完美无缺的事物。由于人类认识的逐步发展性,注定了今日被视为完美无缺的事物之不足在将来必然为人们所发现。公共产品民主型供给模式虽然能够在一定程度上克服公共产品纯政府型供给模式和市场型供给模式的缺陷,但该模式在具体运行过程中,还可能遭遇到某些困境。公共产品票决民主型供给模式的供给困境主要体现在某些投票者的经济人属性、有限理性、信息不完全、责任心的缺乏、投票规则困境、投票选择的非真实性和不完全性、信息不对称、代表俘获、代表性不足等方面,公共产品协商民主型供给模式的协商困境主要表现为协商主体的理性和能力之有限性、协商未必带来更好的结果、协商条件的不平等性、程序性的操作规则之难获得性以及推行范围的局限性。公共产品民主型供给模式的某些条件之不成熟性和多重困境的存在均表明,该模式倘若能够茁壮成长,还必须克服很多阻滞因素。失望而不绝望,在失望中寻找希望,在寻找希望中坚定信心,在坚定信心中付诸努力,在付诸努力中追求成功,在追求成功时学会等待、面对挫折和改正错误,应该是公共产品民主型供给模式的倡导者们坚持的基本态度和务实做法。更多还原

【Abstract】 In theoretical study and practical operation on supply models of public goods, the pure government supply model and market-based supply model are the two major dominant modes all the time. The pure government supply model is a certain typical standards and style of the supply of public goods, which is exclusive sweep by the Government to provide public goods and production, And market-based supply model is another certain typical standards and style of the public goods supply, which draws the market value, the market mechanism and market skills as well as market itself into the main areas of the supply of public goods, and gets help from the market resources to provide or produce public goods. There certainly are the need, the cause, and also the real possibility of their existence for both the two modes. However, there are some shortcomings that the two supply modes can not completely avoid by their self-improvement alone, and these flaws mostly rooted from the self-serving of Government and its staff. Therefore, it is necessary to find a complementary new model which can restrict self-serving through constraining the public power at a certain extent, thereby improving the quality of the supply of public goods, perfecting the supply of public goods categories, making the number of the supply of public goods more reasonable, and increasing the fairness of public goods supply.As democracy is a way of restricting government’s public authority, and people is the real master of public goods, democratic supply of public goods came into being on a theoretical model in the difficult searching course for a new mode. The democratic supply model of public goods refers to draw democracy logos, democratic institutions, democratic methods and technology into the provision and production process of public goods, thereby trying to ensure that all citizens or most citizens have the final rule on the supply of public goods. The democratic supply model is a certain typical standard style of public goods supply.The model selected perspective at the course of the supply of public goods, unlike the sub-sector model which based on the main part of supply in the past. The basic value direction of democratic supply model is democracy, civil rights and public interest, followed by the efficiency. The democratic supply model can be divided into directly democratic supply model of public goods and indirectly democratic supply model. The directly democratic supply model may be divided into participatory democratic supply model, unitary democratic supply model and directly deliberative democratic supply model. The indirectly democratic supply model of public goods can be divided into liberally democratic supply model (It includes elitist democratic supply model and pluralist democratic supply model), authoritatively democratic supply model, juridical democratic supply model and indirectly deliberative democracy supply model. In addition, from the technical means of democratic point of view, the democratic supply model of public goods can be divided into voting democratic supply model and deliberative democratic supply model. At the same time, the voting democratic supply model of public goods can be specifically divided into directly voting democratic supply model and indirectly voting democratic supply model. The deliberative democratic supply model of public goods can also be specifically divided direct deliberative democratic supply model and indirect deliberative democratic supply model.Whether the democratic model be fully successful, be a total failure or partial success, not only depends on the methods and techniques used in the operation of the model, and also relied on all the conditions required in the course of carrying out the model. Overall, there are at least three categories very important in all conditions: the material, the nomocracy and the psychological condition. Among them, the material condition include the geographical factor, economic factor and technical factor at least, and the political freedom and freedom of expression are most important in the nomocracy condition, and in psychological condition, tolerance, compromise and common trust, suspected of spirit and realism is most representative.Owing to human wisdom is limited, it is impossible for human-being to create perfect things. Due to the progressive development of human understanding, people will inevitably found the lack of perfect things. Although the democratic model can overcome some shortcomings of the pure government supply model and market-based supply model to a certain extent. There are a number of difficulties to be resolved to make the model more functional. The supply predicament of the voting democratic supply model of public goods is mainly manifest on some voters’ quality of economic man, limited sense, incomplete information, the lack of responsibility, the plight of the voting rules, the non-authenticity and incompleteness in vote selecting, asymmetric information, on behalf of capture, under-represented etc. On the other hand, the negotiating difficulties faced by deliberative democratic supply model of public goods are mainly presented at the limitation of negotiator’s sense and capability, negotiating may not produce better results, inequality in consultation condition, difficult access to the operation rules of procedure as well as the limitation in promoting scope.At present, some mature conditions exist and multiple predicament faced by the democratic model shows, the model must overcome many blocking factors in order to make itself more mature. the democratic model advocates should insist the basic attitude and pragmatic approach as follow: disappointed but not despair, keep the search for hope even in disappointment, on the way of searching for hope, we must firm confidence and make all the efforts in the pursuit of success, meanwhile, learn to wait, to face setbacks and to correct mistakes in the pursuit of success.更多还原