【作者】 庞凌；

【导师】 周永坤；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 自从1803年美国联邦最高法院马歇尔大法官在马伯里诉麦迪逊案中开司法违宪审查之先河以来,司法审查制度已经蔚为风尚,成为世界各国维护宪法权威、监护宪政民主、保障自由人权的最重要的制度选择之一。与此同时,对司法审查的种种质疑之声——“反多数民主”、违背分权原则、容易造成司法专权等等也不绝于耳。上世纪60年代以来,西方宪法学界针对种种质疑,提出了诸如“代表性补强”、“二元民主”、“权利论”等一系列论证司法审查正当性的理论。本文试图在梳理上述理论的基础上,对司法审查的正当性基础进行理论论证。文章从宪法的高级法背景、分权与制衡、实质民主、宪政视野下法院的职责、法院职司违宪审查的优势等几方面论证了司法审查的正当性基础。特别是通过对实质民主概念的提炼,论证了司法审查对于保障公民最基本的政治权利——这一民主的条件,以及对多数决民主的保障、牵制和补正所具有的积极意义,从理论上回应对司法审查的民主性质疑,并认为司法审查具有充分的民主正当性。文章还对司法审查与权力分立原则的关系进行了阐述,提出并论证了司法审查是权力分立原则的体现和保障的观点。在论证司法审查具有正当性的基础上,文章提出通过独立的司法体制、专业的法官配置、高度的司法权威和刚性宪法的存在等外部条件,以及合适的司法审查角色定位、合理的司法审查基准、政治问题回避、审查力度和时机的掌控等全面的内部制约手段来保障司法审查正当性的实现。务求司法审查在监护民主、保障人权、制衡立法权的同时,尊重其他政治权力部门,坚持在适宜由法院进行判断的领域和场合进行违宪与否的判断,既不怠于行使宪法职责,又不致逾越合理权限,不致成为“太上立法院”,不致以“司法者的宪法”替代“人民的宪法”。文章最后对我国司法审查制度建立的必要性、可能性、需要克服的主要障碍进行了阐述,在此基础上提出了融合美国模式和大陆模式、对现行体制冲击最小,也是效率较高的我国司法审查模式的设想。这一模式的核心制度是:各级普通法院在审理案件过程中,如发现系争事项涉及的法律可能违宪,统一提请最高人民法院就此释宪批复。更多还原

【Abstract】 Judicial review has become one of the most important systems around the world to keep the authority of constitution, to safeguard democracy, to protect human rights since Marbury v. Madison in 1803. But arguments against judicial review have never stopped. Scholars in western countries developed some theories to defend the legitimacy of judicial review since 1960s. This article tries to demonstrate the legitimacy basis of judicial review on the basis of reviewing the existed theories.The article demonstrate the legitimacy basis of judicial review from several aspects, such as the highest rank of constitution, separation and balance of power, the substantial democracy, the liability of court in constitutionalism, the advantages of review by court. The article especially raised a concept of substantial democracy, and demonstrates that judicial review is able to help to protect the basic political rights of citizens, which is an important condition of democracy, and it can also guarantee the majority rule, thus judicial review is not undemocratic. It has sufficient basis of legitimacy. The article also analyzes the relationship between judicial review and separation of power, and insists that judicial review materialize the guarantee the separation of power.The article then puts forward some elements to guarantee the judicial review, such as judicial independence, the professional judges, the authority of judicial system, written constitution, reasonable review standard, the avoidance of political issues, etc. The judicial authority shall respect other political departments, and shall be cautious to not to overstep its purview and replace the constitution of the people with the“constitution of the judicial authority”.The article analyzes the necessity, possibility of the introduction of judicial review in China, and conceives that the Chinese judicial review shall mix up the characters of American modes and civil law modes, i.e., when common courts find the issues might be against constitution, the courts shall report to the supreme court, who will interpret on the issues.更多还原