【作者】 汪效驷；

【导师】 郑杭生；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 陈翰笙领导的无锡调查是清末民国在我国知识界兴起的社会调查运动的重要组成部分,为区域社会经济史的研究提供了范本和史料,展现了转型中的江南乡村社会的实态。经济与地权作为无锡调查的重点,在近代工商业化的背景下发生了一系列的变化:市场化和现代机器的侵入与一家一户的小农经营相交织构成了转型时期乡村经济的特有形态;近代无锡乡村大多数农家以稻作为主、以蚕桑为辅的生产格局并未发生根本的改变;多种经营和“非农化”是农家经济的基本趋势。地权以及与之相联系的租佃制度从一个侧面反映了乡村经济的转型和乡村社会的变化。近代江南乡村经济转型带动了乡村社会结构的转型;促使社会生活发生了巨大的变化;催生了诸多的社会问题;从而引发了各个阶层和各种政治力量对乡村问题的关注。陈翰笙应用阶级分析法,对乡村各阶级作了严格的区分,以作为调查的切入点。“人口增长和劳动力变化情况”作为无锡调查报告的五个组成部分之一,反映了乡村社会结构的转型。近代江南乡村人口在动态中又保持着与传统社会一致的常态,那就是:呈波浪式增长,男性多于女性,性别比偏高。工业化导致乡村人口的流动性增强,从而打破了乡村社会结构的稳定性和纯粹性,使人口的城乡结构在动态中保持着相对的稳定。乡村人口的教育素质低下,职业种类趋于多样化。近代义庄的兴衰及其组织结构和社会职能的演变表明了宗族走向衰亡的历史命运。社会生活是无锡调查的重要方面,也是乡村社会转型外在的表现形式,直观地反映了乡村物质生活的水平,精神生活的状态及社会意识的特征。无锡作为较先进的工业化地区的样本,其乡村社会生活总体而言,是非常落后的。这说明,在整个社会从传统型向现代型转变的过程中,乡村远远落后于城市;工业化给乡村带来的负效应远远大于它所给予乡村的正效应。这种结果一方面体现了现代化过程的一般规律,另一方面也说明了乡村传统生活方式的顽固与守旧。物质生活水平的低下,精神信仰的盲从和社会风俗的因循相袭昭示了乡村社会转型之路的艰难与漫长。乡村危机是乡村社会转型过程中各种社会问题的总爆发。在无锡所在的江南地区,乡村经济的破产和社会冲突的加剧在“抢米”这种非正常的事件中得到了充分的体现。针对转型时期乡村危机深重的事实,陈翰笙和以他为代表的“中国农村派”主张通过革命的途径解决乡村问题,而统治当局和改良派分别在无锡农村实施开展了“农村合作”运动和“民众教育实验”。但是,近代的乡村危机积重难返,历史也没有留给统治当局和改良派更多的时间和空间,当改良在实践中沦为“头痛医头,脚痛医脚”的工具时,乡村问题的主导权就旁落到激进的“革命派”手中。后来直至今天的事实证明,以农业为主的传统型社会在向以工业为主的现代型社会转变的过程中,由于乡村的边缘化和内部的急速变化而产生的各种问题会时轻时重时缓时急地表现出来;解决转型过程中的乡村问题,实现乡村社会的和谐、健康发展,是一项尚在探索中的,极其复杂而艰难的综合工程。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Survey in Wuxi under the leadership of Chen Hansheng is a vital component of the social survey movement that arose among the Chinese intellectual circles from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. The survey provides a good sample and historical data for the research on regional social economic history, and also exhibits the real state of the countryside society in the region of Jiangnan that was in transition. As the focus of that survey, economy and land ownership, had undergone a series of changes under the setting of modern commercialization: the invasion of market and modern machines intertwined with traditional self-sufficient management, which formed a unique state of countryside economy in transition; the productive pattern that relied mainly on rice and was supplemented by silk in most of the farmers’family in the countryside of Wuxi had not yet changed fundamentally; multi-management and non-farming was still the tendency of farming economy. Land ownership and its derived tenancy system, from one aspect, reflected the transformation of countryside economy and changes in countryside society. The transformation of countryside economy in the region of Jiangnan in modern times stimulated the transformation of the structure of countryside society, bringing great changes and many social problems, which, therefore, attracted the public concern of all classes and political forces to the countryside problem.Through the method of“Class Analysis”, Chen Hansheng distinguished all the classes existing in countryside and used those distinctions as a starting point for his survey.“Population growth and the change of labor force”, as one of the five parts in the survey, reflected the transformation in the structure of countryside society. However, the population in modern Jiangnan countryside remained consistent with that of traditional society dynamically, i.e., increasing in fluctuation, and the number of male was more than that of female. Industrialization led to the growth of floating population and broke down the stability and purity of the structure of countryside society, which kept the rate of population relatively balanced between town and countryside in a dynamic state. Meanwhile, the people in countryside were low-qualified and their professions appeared to be varied. The rising and falling of modern yizhuan, and its organizational structure and social function reflected the historical fate of patriarchal clan that was doomed to decline and fall.Social life was an important aspect in the Wuxi survey and the external manifestation of the transformation of countryside society as well. It directly reflected the level of material life, the state of people’s spiritual life and the characteristics of social consciousness. Although Wuxi was regarded as a sample of advanced industrial area, its living conditions in country, generally speaking, were very backward. It clearly demonstrated that when a traditional society was transformed into a modern one, the development of its countryside lagged behind the city a lot, and industrialization brought more negative influence than the positive one to the countryside. The result, on the one hand, showed the general principles of modernization, and on the other hand, demonstrated the obstinacy and conservativeness of the traditional method of living in country. Therefore, the backwardness of material life, the blindness of faith-following, together with the sticking to the old social customs foresaw the difficulty and boundlessness on the way to the transformation of countryside society.Countryside crisis was the final explosion of all the social problems involved during the process of transformation of countryside society. In the region of Jiangnan where Wuxi was located, the deterioration of the bankruptcy of countryside economy and social conflicts were well manifested in the abnormal event of“panic rice-purchasing”. In view of the crisis, Chen Hansheng and“Chinese Countryside Group”in which he was the chief representative proposed that the problem of countryside should be resolved through revolution, while the government and the Reformists lunched“Movement of Countryside Cooperation”and“Educational Experiment for the Public”respectively in countryside of Wuxi. However, the crisis of countryside in modern China was too hard to change, leaving less time and space for each of them. When the reform finally was reduced to the palliative in practice, the dominant power of solving the problems of countryside was shifted to the hands of radical Revolutionists. The fact from then on to today well proves that when a traditional farming-oriented society was transformed into a modern industry-oriented one, various social problems caused by the marginalization of countryside and its internal dramatic changes would be displayed in different forms, sometimes serious, sometimes trivial; and sometimes slow, sometimes fast. Therefore, how to solve the problems in transition and realize the harmonious and healthy development for countryside society is a complex and comprehensive project to be explored.更多还原