【作者】 刘小刚；

【导师】 周可真；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国哲学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 韩非作为先秦法家思想的集大成者,继承和发展了老子的道思想,以道论为其思想的理论基础,以道、德、理等基本哲学范畴为其理论元素,结合趋利避害的人性好利论和历史进化观,面对礼崩乐坏之政治现实,提出了法、术、势结合的法治论思想。本文将从政治哲学的视角,以韩非道论为出发点,阐述韩非思想中道、理、德、法等范畴的含义,分析道在其思想中的意义及其展开,进而探求韩非法治思想中的积极影响和内在缺陷,以期提供一个重新审视韩非哲学乃至政治思想的视角和途径。论文由六章构成:第一章主要介绍了韩非和《韩非子》的相关研究状况。从身世、求学经历以及使秦的外交活动来简介韩非生平;从名称的变迁、篇目的真伪认定、篇目卷数和版本等了解《韩非子》,并就其思想的古今研究现状做了梳理。第二章从先秦道家、儒家、稷下黄老之道的发展大背景出发,阐述韩非之道的历史演变。相比较而言,先秦道家之道较重天道,重道的客观普遍性而轻视人的主体性;儒家之道较重人道,重视阐发道的人伦涵义;稷下黄老之道从天道推演人道,援道入法,道法结合,重视道的现实政治功效。这都为韩非的法治思想奠定了理论基础。第三章从道、德、理、性、情等哲学范畴入手,分析其在韩非哲学思想中的意义。韩非继承和发展了老子“道”的思想,并对其进行了改造,使老子“自然之道”转化为其社会政治秩序中的“必然之道”。“德”是指人的精神,神不淫于外物而安于自身就是“德”。“理”是作为万物之所然的“道”联系万物的中介,是某物之所以成为某物的条理和规则。“德”与“道”的联系是一种精神的联系,是精神上守道,行动上循道。“德”与“理”的联系同样是一种精神的联系,“德”是为了精神上跟道保持一致而审察物理。人之性好利恶害,在韩非看来,不过是一个基本的、自然的事实。人之情却是治国之法所应排斥和反对的,所以韩非主张以法制情。韩非之“理”与“道”的关系是事物的特殊规律与普遍规律的关系,这种唯物主义的观点,应是对中国哲学发展史上的一个贡献。第四章对君、道关系做了辨析。鉴于宗法等级社会的需要,从老子开始,先秦诸子往往不自觉的以道证君,简单的将天道与人君相比附。韩非亦不例外。他从道与万物的一多关系充分论证了君臣之间尊卑贵贱的合理性,认为人类社会“君不同于群臣”的等级秩序,根本依据就在于“道不同于万物”的自然秩序。君主相对于臣民而言,其尊贵地位就类同于“道”相对于“万物”的关系。论文进而分析了韩非政治秩序设计中的明君形象以及君所取舍之臣民。第五章重点阐明道、法之结合演进过程。“道”与“法”的关系,在先秦经过了由“道生法”到“因道全法”的发展过程。“道生法”一方面通过“法”使“道”具有了社会性;另一方面也为“法”提供了合理性依据。韩非认为,法必须“因道”而立,只有这样,法才能从道那里得到各种完美的属性。所谓“因道全法”,即得“道”之君,“因人之情”而制法,然后把人民交给“法”去管理,使人民觉得“祸福生乎道法,而不出乎爱恶,荣辱之责关乎己,而不在乎人”对君主无怨恶之心,达到“无为而治”。第六章分析和探讨了韩非道论思想的现实观照——法治论。韩非法治论以道为其哲学基础,以人性好利为其出发点,主张君主治国应该抱法、用术、处势;无书简之文,弃伦常之礼,以法为教,以吏为师;以刑去刑,严刑重罚;君主要集权,独断。其法治论乃一政治秩序的合理性设计,唯其缺乏仁义教化和权力的合法化说明而备受指责。余论部分简要回顾了道在中国历史上的基本发展路径,并对论文之主要内容做了归纳总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a comprehensive expression of Legalists of the pre-Qin days,Han fei, for theoretical principle of Tao thoughts, proposed the rule of law’s theory with the combining of law, puissance and rein, which has inherited and developed the thought of Lao-Tzu’s Tao thoughts, took the Tao, De,Li and so on basic philosophy category as its theory element, integrated the human nature of chasing profits and advoid disadvantages and the historical evolution view,faced the collapsesed political reality. This paper from the perspective of political philosophy, starting of Han Fei’s Taoism, expounded the relationship of Tao,Li,law and De etc, analyzed the significance and launches of Han fei’s Tao thoughts, then seeked the positive influence of law’s theory and internal defects,in order to provide the view and way of serveied the Han fei’s philosophy and the political thoughts.The paper constitutes by six chapters:The first chapter mainly introduced Han Fei and "Han Feizi" related research condition. From the life experience, studies the experience as well as causes Qin’s diplomatic activities to introduce the Han Fei biography; From the name vicissitude, the table of contents truth recognized that the table of contents volume number and the edition and so on understood "Han Feizi", and did on its thought’s ancient and modern research present situation has combed.The second chapter from pre-Qin Taoism, the Confucianist, the Hang-lao development big background embarks, elaborates Tao of the Han Fei historical evolution.To pay attention to the way of heaven ,the pre-Qin Taoism says the humanity rarely,the way of heaven objective universality despises person’s independent; Despised the way of heaven ,the Confucianist, takes seriously to explain road’s human relations implication; Huang-lao deduces the humanity from the way of heaven and explain laws with Tao thoughts.This has laid the rationale for Han Fei’s government by law thoughts.The third chapter elective analysis significance of the philosophy categories in Han Fei thoughts.including Tao,De, Li, nature and sentiment.Han Fei inherited and develops Lao-Tzu’s Tao thoughts and transform the order of nature to inexorable law.De is refers to person’s spirit, the spirit settles in oneself is De.Li is takes the myriad things with Tao and things, the reason that is something becomes something’s orderliness and the rule.The relation of De and Tao is one kind of energetic relation, is in the spirit holds fast to moral principles, in the motion follows Tao. the relation of De and Li is one kind of energetic relation similarly. Nature of good advantage wicked evil the human, looks like in Han Fei, but is one basic, the natural fact. Sentiment of the human should actually repeled and opposed of the rule of law, The relation of De and Li is the thing special rule and the universal law relations,this materialism’s viewpoint should a contribution for Chinese philosophy history.The fourth chapter to different the relations of monarch and Tao. In view of the fact that needing of the clanlaw rank society, starts from Lao-Tzu, pre-Qin thinkers often unconscious prove monarch by the Tao simplely and Han Fei is not also exceptional. He abundant proved the truth of monarch is different with the minister and it lies in Tao is different with the myriad things.The paper then has analyzed the minister and common people for fitting the requirement of Han Fei’s setting monarch.The fifth chapter key expounds the evolution process of Tao and law, the relations Tao and law passed through the process from Tao brings about law to law following Tao. Tao brings about law has possessed the sociality of Tao thoughts.On the other hand the law has also provided the rational basis. Han Fei believed that the law must stand by Tao, only then like this, the law can obtain each kind of perfect attribute from the Tao. Law following Tao means that monarch is builds law and the people complies with the law, as to chieving govern by non-interference.The sixth chapter analyzed and discussed the Han Fei’s theory of government by law.The theory takes the Tao as the basis of its entire philosophy of politics,taking the human nature good advantage as its starting point, advocating that the monarch should hold the law, use the rein and reply puissance.Does not have article of the letters, abandons ritual of the principles governing relationships between people, as teaches take the law, take the government official as the teacher; Goes to the punishment by the punishment, the severe punishment heavy fine; puissance centralization, arbitrary. Its government by law discusses is a political order rational design, only it lacks the justice and humanity enlightenment and the authority legalization explanation is subjected to the accusation.The rest discussed the briefly way of Tao in the Chinese history and the primary coverage has made the induction summary to the paper.更多还原