【作者】 李赞；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 竞技能力一直都是运动训练理论研究的核心问题和热点问题。近年来,随着运动训练理论与实践的不断发展,运动训练学理论研究呈现出鲜明的“中国流”。其中在竞技能力领域,侧重于整体竞技能力本身的宏观研究较多,而专注于构成整体竞技能力的不同竞技子能力发展变化的相关研究较少,尤其是缺乏系统的相关研究。因此,对竞技子能力发展变化的相关研究就成为竞技能力领域研究深化发展的必然趋势和迫切需要。从哲学理论上看,矛盾的普遍性和转化性以及因果关系的必然性和时序性决定了不同事物之间或者同一事物的不同部分之间发展的非同步性。在竞技领域,从运动训练到竞技参赛;从机体生长发育到运动选材;从多年训练过程的阶段划分到不同周期训练内容的安排;从训练方法的运用到负荷量度的控制;从训练过程的适应到运动后机体的恢复等,也都存在着大量的非同步性现象。那么,具体到运动员竞技子能力的发展是否也具有非同步性呢?如果运动员竞技子能力的发展也具有非同步性,那么这种非同步性的内涵是什么呢?为什么运动员竞技子能力的发展具有非同步性呢?竞技子能力非同步性发展具有什么样的表现形式呢?运动员竞技子能力的非同步性发展对运动训练理论和实践又有怎样的理论价值和训练学要求呢?而研究该问题,既是竞技能力领域研究的深化发展,也是对已有研究侧重于竞技能力发展结果,相对忽略竞技能力发展过程的有益补充,同时还有助于为运动员进一步优化整体竞技能力以及为训练安排和竞赛调控提供参考和指导。为此,本研究通过文献研究、逻辑分析、专家访谈、问卷调查、体育节目电视访谈整理、个案研究以及数理统计等方法,基于“运动员竞技子能力的发展具有非同步性特征”的假设,对不同竞技子能力之间的相互关系,非同步性发展特征的内涵,非同步性特征的多维展示,以及非同步性特征的价值体现等进行了较为系统的研究。本研究的主要结论如下:1、运动员竞技子能力发展的非同步性,是指体、技、战、心、智五个竞技子能力,在发展变化的过程中多维的差异性或不均衡性;运动员竞技子能力发展变化非同步性特征的内涵主要体现在:运动员竞技子能力的非同步性发展是绝对的、客观的,而同步性发展是相对的,有条件的;运动员竞技子能力发展的非同步性特征具有多维的表现形式或展示。2、运动员各竞技子能力在构成整体竞技能力的地位分别表现为:“体能是物质基础,心能是动力基础,技能是核心主线,战能是条件保障,智能是指导灵魂”。相互关系表现为:体、技、战、心、智五个竞技子能力之间实质上是互为基础或条件的关系,它们之间相互联系、相互促进、相互制约,共同构成运动员整体的竞技能力。3、运动员竞技子能力的发展之所以表现出非同步性特征,是遗传效应、生活效应、训练效应和比赛效应综合影响的结果。4、运动员竞技子能力发展的非同步性特征,本质上是从时间维度来反映各竞技子能力的发展特征,而这一时间维度的非同步性发展特征又具体表现展示在时间、空间、运动主体和运动专项四个维度上。5、运动员竞技子能力发展非同步性特征的时间展示主要表现在:运动员竞技子能力发展的起始时间、发展速度以及在多年训练过程中不同阶段的发展具有非同步性;空间展示主要表现在:运动员竞技子能力的发展起点、发展程度以及在适应不同环境时的发展变化具有非同步性;主体展示主要表现在:不同性别、不同年龄、不同运动水平以及应对不同对手时的运动员竞技子能力发展的非同步性;专项展示主要表现在:不同专项运动员和集体类项目场上不同位置或角色的运动员,其竞技子能力发展的非同步性。6、运动员竞技子能力发展非同步性特征的理论价值主要体现在:(1)为竞技能力的非衡结构及其补偿效应提供理论诠释;(2)为竞技状态的理想培养提供理论依据;(3)为运动训练周期的科学设计提供理论指导。7、运动员竞技子能力发展非同步性特征的训练学要求主要表现为:(1)运动员选材中的非同步性选择;(2)运动训练目标的非同步性设计;(3)运动训练内容的非同步性安排;(4)训练负荷的非同步性施加;(5)训练恢复的非同步性落实;(6)训练或比赛绩效的非同步性评价;(7)通过非同步性安排追求同步化效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 Competitive Ability has always been the core and hot issue of theoretical research about sport training .In recent years, with the development of the theories and practices about sports training, there are some distinctive "Chinese domains" among sports training theory study ,which of them more emphasized particularly on macro-study on the holistic Competitive Abilities and less on the different Sub-Competitive Abilities that structure the holistic competitive ability,especially lack of systematic research. Therefore, the researche on the development and changes about Sub-Competitive Abilities has become the inevitable trend and urgent need of deepening research in the field of competitive ability.Based on the view of Philosophy, we found that the universal and transformable character of the contradiction as well as causal relation’s inevitability and the succession result in the non-synchronization between the different things or between the identical thing’s different parts during their development. In sport domain, from sport training to taking part in competes ; from children’s organism growth to sport selection; from the stages division of many years training process to the contents arrangement in different training cycles; from the utilization of training method to the control of trining load measurement; from training process adaptation to organism restoration after sport training and so on, the massive non-synchronization phenomenons exist.Then, whether the development of Sub-Competitive Abilities about athletes also are non-synchronization ,and if so ,what about the meaning of this kind of non-synchronization ? what about the material modes about the development of Sub-Competitive Abilities have? Why the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities’develop- ment has the characteristic of non-synchronization?and what about the theory value and training requests about the non-synchronization development of athletes’Sub-Competitive Abilities ? Therefor researching these questions are not only the deepened development about competitive ability area research,but also the helpful complementarity to the past researches that relatively neglected the developing process of competitive ability,but relatively emphasized particularly on developing result of competitive ability,as well as making for further optimizing the whole competitive ability and supervising sport training and compete .So, by using the methods of literature study ,logic analyse, experts interview ,questionnaire survey ,television interview study ,case analyse and data statistics , the author, based on the hypothesis that the development characteristic of the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities is non-synchronization, comparatively systemicly studied the interrelation between different Sub-Competitive Abilities ,the meaning, multidimensional exhibition and the training oriented value of non-synchronization development characteristic about athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities.The main conclusions are as follows:1.“Non-synchronization”mainly exhibit the differences that the order and speed aspects exist in time latitude,and the imbalance that the breadth and depth exist in spatial latitude among different variables.When this kind of“non-synchronization”quite universally or stably performance during its development process among one thing’s different partial or different things, the author named this kind of phenomenon or the nature“the non-synchronization characteristic”.2.The roles of different Sub-Competitive Abilities constituted the whole competitive ability exhibit that Physical fitness is the material foundation; that Psychological ability is the power foundation; that Technique ability is the core demand through the training process; that Tactics ability is the condition guarantee; and that Intelligence ability is the the instructing soul. The interrelation among different competitive sub-abilities substantively are inter-contact,inter-promote and inter-condition.3.Why the athlete competitive sub-abilities’development has the characteristic of non-synchronous result from the combined effects of genetic effects, life effect, training effect and competition effect.4.The non-synchronization characteristic of the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities’development, is, in essence, from the time dimension to reflect the developing characteristics of the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities,and the non-synchronization characteristic based on time dimension concretely manifest or display on four dimensions: time, space, athlete and special sports.5.The time display of the development of non-synchronization about the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities manily exhibit that the starting time, the pace of development and the development in different stages of years of training process are non-synchronization; the space display of it manily exhibit that training threshold , developing extent and adapting to different environments are non-synchronization; the athlete display of it manily exhibit that different gender, different ages and levels of training, as well as to deal with different opponents, the development about the athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities are non-synchronization ;and the special sports display of it manily exhibit that different special sports, different positions or roles at collective sports ,as for the athletes,their Sub-Competitive Abilities are non-synchronization development.6. The theoretical value of non-synchronization development characteristic about athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities mainly are providing a theoretical interpretation for competitive ability’s Unbalanced Structure and Compensation Effect , providing a theoretical basis for ideal cultivation of competitive state ,and providing theoretical guidance for scientific design about training cycle.7.The sport training requests of non-synchronization development characteristic about athlete Sub-Competitive Abilities are "non-synchronization of choice" in athletes selection; "non-synchronous design"in training objectives; "non-synchronous arrangements" in training contents , " non-synchronous implementing "in training load; " non-synchronous carrying out "in training recovery ;" non-synchronous evaluation "in training results, and looking forward to“synchronous result”through "non-synchronous arrangements"during sport training.更多还原