【作者】 胡二中；

【导师】 彭振斌；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 地质工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 在钻井施工中,利用岩层造斜规律,或者采用人工造斜手段,或者两者同时并用,使钻孔按照设计的轨迹,钻达预定的目标的钻进方法,称为定向钻进。使用定向钻进方法完成的井孔,称为定向孔。定向钻进是一项新技术。在达到同样施工目的的前提条件下,它不但能够减少钻进工作量,节约施工费用,而且能够提高工程质量,缩短施工周期,具有理想的技术经济效果。水电勘察工程多离不开江(河)、高山等特殊场地。进行水电勘察工程定向钻进技术的开发研究,依靠计算机控制技术,按照工程地质人员的要求,结合现场勘察条件,设计一定的弧形孔、分支孔等进行定向钻进,查明江(河)、高山等特殊部位工程地质条件,从而达到减少钻孔工作量,降低勘察成本,缩短勘察周期的目的,为水电工程建设创造良好的社会效益和经济效益,具有非常重大的意义。论文通过调查研究、轨迹控制程序编写、室内试验、野外试验、理论分析、工程应用等研究方法,对定向钻孔轨迹的设计方法、定向钻进的技术手段进行了归纳总结;对极射赤平投影在定向钻进三维剖面设计中的应用进行了分析研究;对液动螺杆钻具的结构及施工工艺进行了设计研究;编写了一套适合水电勘察的定向钻进轨迹控制软件,并结合工程进行了应用研究。通过分析研究定向钻孔的空间要素,钻孔轴线空间位置的计算方法,定向钻孔轨迹设计的依据、原则和方法,推定了钻孔孔身轨迹极限弯曲强度的计算公式。定向钻孔的空间要素包括钻孔轴线各点的顶角θ、方位角α和孔身L,靶点垂深H和水平位移S,曲线段弯强i,以及钻孔轴线的遇层角δ。钻孔轴线空间位置的计算方法中,用曲线法计算所得出的结果比直线法更合理、更准确。设计受控定向钻孔孔身轨迹时,曲线段的弯曲强度是一个重要的参数。合理的弯曲强度,一方面要保证粗径钻具顺利通过,另一方面还要保证施工方便和安全。通过分析研究极射赤平投影的基本原理,将极射赤平投影的方法应用到定向钻进轴线的设计计算中,得到一系列的特征参数计算公式。通过赤平投影方法,将复杂、抽象的空间问题转化为简单、直观的平面问题。在空间三维定向分枝孔的设计中,通过采用赤平投影的方法,将空间三维定向分枝孔轴线投影到赤道平面,从而将空间问题转化为平面问题,再利用球面三角形有关公式进行计算,即可得到定向钻进的各特征参数。归纳总结了定向钻进的常用技术手段,研究了螺杆钻具的工作原理、工作特性曲线、进行定向钻进时的各种造斜件以及螺杆钻具失效的特征。研制了适合水电勘察定向钻进用的螺杆钻具及配套造斜钻具。分析研究表明:螺杆钻具输出轴的旋转速度,理论上不取决于压力降,而决定于通过螺杆马达截面的液体流量Q和有关结构参数。选择过多的波齿数的螺杆钻具,虽然能获得低转速、大扭矩的工作特性,但效率低。而低效率不仅会使输入水马力的转换程度降低,且缩短了螺杆钻具的使用寿命。水电勘察定向钻进用SLZ系列小口径螺杆钻具的应用表明,该系列螺杆钻具在进行水电勘察时,能有效避开高山、险滩钻达预定靶点。特殊结构的造斜钻头是水电勘察定向钻进造斜必不可少的重要配套器具之一,其结构、性能直接影响造斜效果及定向钻探的技术经济指标。研究突破以往的金刚石镀膜制造技术,采用全新的金刚石制粒技术,大大改善了金刚石的包镶性能,提高了金刚石质量,使金刚石钻头质量得到改善。设计制造了弱包镶防打滑孕镶金刚石钻头。先在金刚石表面用机械方法裹上一层碳化钨粉末,然后将处理过后的金刚石与胎体粉末均匀混合,再进行装模烧结。研制了自形成同心径向环齿孕镶金刚石钻头,使用该钻头钻进时,在岩体上形成了多条岩脊,增加了钻头的导向性,提高了岩矿心采取率和保持孔壁的稳定。试验表明自形成同心径向环齿孕镶金刚石钻头与普通钻头相比,它既提高了切削效率,也改善了使用寿命。研制了适合硬岩层造斜的金刚石钻头,突破了以往只能在中硬以下地层造斜的研究瓶颈。采用PowerBuilder开发工具开发了包括定向钻进钻孔轨迹设计子程序、轨迹坐标计算子程序和弯曲强度计算子程序三个子程序的定向钻进应用软件。利用该软件可以方便地设计定向钻进钻孔轨迹,计算各特征参数,计算各点坐标值,计算允许最大弯曲强度,绘制设计轨迹及实际钻孔轴线。工程应用表明,将定向钻进应用到水电勘察当中是可行的。突破以往只能在中硬以下岩层造斜的瓶颈,在坚硬的花岗岩地层进行造斜钻进。研究表明:只要选取合适的钻进工具,设计合理的钻进轨迹,完全可以降低水电勘察成本和减少勘察周期,在硬岩地层造斜钻达目的层。更多还原

【Abstract】 In well drilling, to cause the drill hole according to the design path, drills reaches the predetermined goal to sneak in the method, using rock layer whip-stocking rule, or the artificial build angle, either both were used at the same time, is called the direction drilling .The use direction drilling sneaks in the bore-hole which the method is completed, is called the directional hole. Directional Drilling is a new technology. Achieving the same purpose in the construction of the prerequisite conditions, it can not only reduce the workload of drilling, save construction costs, but also can enhance the quality, shorten the construction period, and have the competitive technical and economic effects.Directional drilling technology has met production needs and has developed. With the solid mineral exploration explored into the deep crust progress, oil, natural gas, geothermal and groundwater resources exploration and exploitation grown, and many construction projects of the special requirements of the proposed, the application of directional drilling is more and more wide.Most hydropower projects can not be separated from the rivers, the mountains, and so on. Study on the directional drilling to water resources and hydropower investigation will rely on computer-controlled technology to design a curved hole in accordance with the ideas and conditions of site investigation and engineering geology staff, to investigate the river, the mountain, and other special-site engineering geological conditions. It is meaningful for hydropower projects’ creating good social and economic benefits to reduce the workload and the investigation costs, and shorten the time of the investigation.In this paper the directional drilling trajectory design and the directional drilling technology are concluded by investigation and study, the track control procedures, laboratory testing, field experiments, theoretical analysis, process improvement, engineering and other research methods; analyzed and studied that how the stereographic projection is applied in the three-dimensional directional drilling profile ; the structure of positive displacement motor and construction technology; Coded a set of program for the investigation of directional drilling trajectory control.The formula of trajectory limit bending strength is concluded through the analysis of the elements of space, and the calculation of the directional drilling trajectory. The space elements of the directional drilling include points angle 9, and azimuth a, and body L, the vertical depth H and horizontal displacement S of target, the curvature K of the curve, and the angle 8 of the case of bored axis. Bored axis space location of the calculation method, the results reached by the curve method of calculation will undoubtedly be more reasonable and more accurate than that of the straight-line method . The trajectory of controlled directional drilling designed, the bending strength of the curve is an important parameter. As to Reasonable bending strength, directional whip-stocking low cost is ensured, on the other hand convenience and safety are ensured. Through analysis of Stereographic projection of the basic principles of face, the red-line projection method, Stereographic projection methods are applied to the directional drilling axis design calculations, having a range of parameters formula. By the application of Stereographic projection, the calculation will be simple and intuitive. Three-dimensional orientation in space-branch in the design, through the use of red-projection method, three-dimensional space-oriented branches to the equatorial plane projection axis, thus plane into the issue, re-use of the spherical triangle formula, to be Directional Drilling characteristics of the various parameters.The technical means of the directional drilling is summarized. The working principle of the positive displacement motor, the characteristic curve, when directional drilling the various pieces and the failure characteristics made by oblique positive displacement motor Analysis showed that positive displacement motor is drilling fluid as the driving force of a medium-end power equipment, positive displacement motor output shaft rotational speed, in theory, which does not depend on pressure drop, but decided on Q flow of liquid flowing through the screw motor section and the structural parameters. Selecting too many waves of the positive displacement motor teeth, the low-speed, high torque characteristics of the work were achieved, but efficiency was low. And low efficiency would not only make the water level of the conversion reduce horsepower and shorten the life of the screw drill.The results of the application research show that it is feasible for the directional drilling applied to the investigation of hydropower. In order to get the best profits, only when selecting the appropriate drilling tools, designing a reasonable trajectory drilling, the costs of hydropower investigation can be reduced.更多还原