【作者】 张善燚；

【导师】 李建华；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 伦理学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 宽容问题已经成为我国当代司法伦理研究中的又一重大课题。我国司法实践中的种种困惑和弊端,反映出司法对宽容伦理关怀的强烈诉求。本文旨在司法的法律技术之外,对司法进行宽容伦理的研究尝试,并试图从伦理学、法学、社会学等多个视角论证和回答什么是司法宽容、司法为什么可以宽容以及司法如何宽容等有关司法宽容的三个基本问题。司法宽容是宽容在司法中的反映,是法律宽容的最本质体现,是指国家司法机构在行使司法权的过程中对司法对象的一种宽容,通俗来讲就是检察官起诉、法官审判案件要体现法律的宽容原则。司法宽容具有普遍性,包含着对有过错当事人的尊重;司法宽容不是司法纵容,只能在保证司法公正的前提下实施。消极的司法宽容主要是通过司法主体消极不干涉来实现;积极的司法宽容表现的是司法主体在司法宽容中的能动作用。在多元性的司法价值体系中,司法宽容契合了现代法治化的维度指向,具有独立的、基本性的价值地位,宽容已经成为现代司法的一项基本价值。司法宽容的价值和张力主要显现在法律、道德及政治等领域。宽容的演变经历了从最初的朦胧状态发展到现在的理论化、制度化形态。宽容伴随着法律而进入司法。司法过程中的宽容对于当事人双方达成理解、当事人和国家之间达成理解等起到一种桥梁的独特作用,是对人性和多元化价值尊重在司法领域的体现。随着以社区矫正为代表的刑罚制度的改革,司法宽容还表现在司法之后,通过纠正机制和恢复手段的创新方面发挥着重要的作用。现代宽容在法律领域的延伸,最主要的还是在司法领域的影响。司法宽容还伸延出崇尚自由、法治变革、法律理念多元等内容。司法宽容有其深厚的伦理哲学根基。人类理性的有限性和价值的多元性构成了宽容的本体根据;人的认识的相对性、有限性与可错性本质,是宽容获得合法性空间的认识论前提;人性凡俗性、有限性和矛盾性,是宽容意识生长的人性保证。司法宽容的维度,关涉到难度、限度和向度三个方面。司法宽容的难度在一定意义上表现为检察官、法官的宽容;是一种司法权的自我克制;要具备一定的条件;司法主体要具有良好的素质。在限度方面,司法宽容只能在公序良俗的原则之下展开;不能超越或侵害权利;必须在法律的秩序下进行;只能在司法自由裁量权的范围内实施。在向度方面,司法宽容的微观向度追求个案人道;中观向度指向司法公正;宏观向度是实现社会和谐。司法宽容的发展,使得我们重新审视人类理性的有限性,并在此基础上对相关法律制度进行创新。导入恢复性司法,从而改善传统报应型司法的弊端;确立有利于被追诉人的原则,践诺以人为本的普世伦理;确立并扩大国家补偿制度,创造司法和谐。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tolerance has been an important problem in the study of contemporary justice ethics of our country. Many drawbacks and abuses of China’s judicial concern to the tolerance ethics. Besides the judicial legal technology, The essay aims at trying to study at the judicial tolerance ethics, and trying to demonstrate and answer what is the Judicial Tolerance(J.T), why does the judicial can be tolerance and how, from the view of Ethics、Law、Sociology etc.The J.T is the reflection of tolerance in justice; it is the most essential reflection of legal tolerance. It means a tolerance treat to the judicial objects during the procession that the State Judicial exercise its power .Popularly, it is means the Tolerance Principle should be used when the Prosecutor and the Judge trial the cases. The J.T is universal, it includes respect to the defendant, it is not the Judicial Connivance, it just be used in the premise of judicial justice. Negative J.T usually is achieved by the judicial agent’s negative non-interference, but positive J.T usually is the positive role of the judicial agent’s. In the value pluralism system, the J.T fits in the dimensionality point of modern rule of law. It has independent and basic value status. The tolerance has been a basic value of modern justice. The value and tension of J.T reflects in the area of Law、Moral and Political etc.The evolution of tolerance has been experienced from the initial、dim state to the modern theory、institutionalized state. The tolerance enters to justice with the law, the tolerance works as a bridge value for two sides reach consensus between agents and agent with nation. It embodies respective to human nature and value pluralism in the judicial area. With the Penalty System reformation that takes the community corrects as representative, it brings the important effect into playing correcting mechanism and restoring means. The extention of modern tolerance in the law area mainly most influences the judicial area. The J.T also extends multiplex contents including advocating liberty、legal institutions transform and law ideas etc.The J.T has deep ethics philosophy basis. Humanity’s rational finiteness and value pluralism has composed the tolerance’s body basis. The nature of people’s cognition of finiteness、relativity and alternate is the epistemology premise that the tolerance gain legitimacy space. Humanity’s custom、finiteness and contradiction is nature guarantee of developing tolerance’s consciousness.The dimensionality of the J.T concerns three aspects including difficulty、limit and longitudinal dimension. The J.T is about Prosecutor and Judge’s tolerance on a certainly. It is a kind of the judicial power’s self-control, it needs a certain condition, and the judicial body should have fine quality. In the field of limit, the J.T should be only carried out under the Public Good Order Custom Principle, it can not exceed or damage the right, and it must be worked under the legal order and practiced in the scope of judicial discretion category. In the field of dimension, the J.T microcosmic dimension purchases case’s humanity, middle direct to judicial justice and the macroscopic view realize society harmoniously.The development of J.T makes us to scan the limit of people’s reason again, and try to find an innovation about legal system on this foundation. Restorative judicial is introduced to improve abuses of tradition retribution type judicial. Principles of beneficial to the Defendant should be established, person oriented Standard ethics should be practiced, and the country compensations system should also be established and expanded.更多还原