【作者】 彭立静；

【导师】 曹刚；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 伦理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文的主题是从伦理学视角研究知识产权,论述知识产权的伦理基础,确立知识产权伦理的基本原则,考察和分析知识产权运行中的伦理内涵与伦理规范,探讨知识产权保护具体实践中的伦理困境,并努力寻求解决知识产权伦理冲突的现实途径。知识产权之产生之日起,就倍受责难与非议。从来没有一种财产权如知识产权一样,引起人们的广泛关注与争论,人们对其态度褒贬不一。对知识产权的支持声与反对声此起彼伏,不相上下。在西方知识产权理论中,对知识产权进行伦理辩护,影响最为突出的理论主要有三种:一是劳动理论;二是人格理论;三是功利理论。三种理论均有其历史渊源及当代代表,它们各自是从不同的角度来论证知识产权存在的正当性,而且每一种理论的优势与不足是同时并存的。劳动论立足于创造知识产品中的劳动,强调知识产权是对人的劳动权的保障;人格论立足于知识产品中所包含创造主体的人格,主张知识产权就是人格权;功利论立足于社会福利的增加与社会效率的提高,来论证知识产权的正当性。三种理论为知识产权的伦理辩护奠定了理论基础,同时也为知识产权保护勾勒出了基本的伦理框架。在它们的辩护中,公正原则和功利原则显现出来,而人道主义隐约其中。知识产权制度是在一定的价值观与伦理观指导下建立的,反映了一定的价值观与伦理观,并且其有效运行必须遵循一定的伦理观,接受伦理的规范与约束。知识产权伦理的基本原则是贯穿于知识产权伦理关系与道德规范中的总体性、根本性的价值尺度,是引导和规定具体知识产权伦理规范和道德意识的一般准则,是认识和处理各种知识产权伦理问题的根本依据。知识产权伦理的基本原则包括人道原则、公正原则、功利原则、人类整体原则。人道原则是知识产权伦理最基本的原则,是整个知识产权制度安排的出发点和终极目标,是知识产权制度伦理特质的总体规定。人道原则要求知识产权应保障人的自由与自主,尊重人的价值与人格尊严,促进人的自我实现。公正原则是知识产权伦理的基本原则,是知识产权制度安排的一种根本价值尺度和内在依据。公正原则包括三方面的规定:知识产权的获取的公正性;拥有知识产权的平等性;正当知识产权的不可侵犯性。功利原则贯穿于知识产权制度的设置与运行的全过程,它是知识产权制度安排及人们行为选择的根本目标。知识产权中功利原则包括最大福利原则、效用原则、高效率目标。整体原则是知识产权国际保护的基本伦理依据与价值尺度,是衡量知识产权国际保护是否具有合理性的根本标准。整体原则要求以整体利益作为知识产权制度的基本价值取向,要求知识产权保护应维护整体利益;尊重发展中国家设计知识产权制度的自主性;培养人类整体意识,促进知识产权的和谐发展。知识产权的运行包括知识产权的授予、使用、转让与收益分配。知识产权授予是知识产权运行的起点,也伦理问题最多的领域。知识产权授予的基本伦理规定就是公正。以创造性劳动获得知识产权是最公正的,而投资也是目前知识产权获得的正当途径,但投资获取知识产权的方式带来了知识产权伦理中最难以解决的问题:科学劳动的异化。知识产权的使用与转让是知识产权权利体系中的重要内容。知识产权的使用中包含了众多伦理问题。知识产权使用伦理的主要规范有自主、无害、有利。知识产权转让伦理是知识产权转让中的一种行为规范和价值取向。知识产权转让伦理规范主要有:自由、公平、有利最小受惠者利益。知识产权收益权是知识产权的一项根本权利。知识产权收益分配是知识产权伦理问题的焦点。知识产权收益应正当分配,应按照创造价值与获得收益相统一的原则来分配。知识产权收益分配中存在公平与效率的冲突,这种冲突的最终根源在于人存在的二重性。知识产权收益分配中的效率追求必须以公平为前提。知识产权收益分配应遵循以下伦理要求:知识产权人获得产权收益应与其对社会的贡献成正比;尊重差别原则,合理调整知识产权收益分配,维护穷人的最基本的生存发展权。科技的发展使知识产权不断扩张,许多新的智能成果被纳入到知识产权客体的范围。知识产权的扩张给人类的道德生活带来了前所未有的新的道德难题。如人体基因专利保护使人类的道德体系面临着新的挑战,它触及到人类的道德底线,甚至颠覆了人类已有的道德传统与基本信仰;药品专利保护使人的生命健康权受到侵犯;版权垄断对信息自由权的腐蚀等等。这些道德难题使知识产权保护实践陷入重重伦理困境,甚至对知识产权本身的存在提出严重挑战。和谐是法所追求的目标,也是社会发展的目标。法律内在的道德冲突仅仅依靠法律本身是无法彻底解决的,我们必须寻找更高的更具有普适性的伦理精神来加以超越。我们必须贯彻中庸之道的精神,对知识产权进行适度保护,促进知识产权的良性发展,促使知识产权实现有利于人的存在与发展的伦理使命。更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject of this paper is a research to intellectual property rights from the perspective of ethics, expounded the ethical foundation and established the basic principles of intellectual property rights ethics, study and analysis the ethical content and norms in its operation , it also discussed the ethical practice plight in the practical approach to its protection, and endeavour to find the specific solution to solve the ethical conflict of intellectual property rights .It’s been seriously censured and reproached since the day intellectual property rights was born. There’s never been a thing like intellectual property rights causing so widespread concern and controversy, people vary on their attitudes. The voice of support and opposition come and go and always be the same. In western intellectual property rights theory, there is ethical defense to intellectual property rights, the impact of the most prominent theories are mainly three types: first, the labor theory;second is personality theory; three is utilitarian theory. All three theories have its own historical origins and contemporary representatives and these are from different angles to prove the legitimacy of intellectual property rights’ existence, and both of the advantages and weaknesses of the theory are simultaneously existed. Labor theory is based on the labor in the creation of knowledge products, intellectual property is emphasis on the protection of human labor rights; personality theory is based on the personality which is involved in containing of the creative mainbody in knowledge products, claiming that the intellectual property rights is personality; utilitarian theory is based on social welfare increase and society efficiency improvement to prove the legitimacy of intellectual property rights. Three types of ethical theory for intellectual property defense laid a theoretical foundation, and also outlines the basic ethical framework for the protection of intellectual property rights. In their defense, the principles of justice and utilitarian principles emerged, and the humanitarian spirit is latent in it.Intellectual property system is built at a certain values and under the guidance of the ethics, reflected the values and ethics, and its effective operation must abide the certain ethics, accept the ethical’s norms and constraints. the basic principles of intellectual property rights ethics is the general and fundamental yardstick of value which is through ethical relationship and the ethics, the common rule which guides and regulates the code of ethics and moral sense, the basic principle to realize and deal with all kinds of knowledge property rights based on the fundamental ethical issues. The basic principles of intellectual property rights include ethical principles of humanity, justice, utilitarian principles and the overall principle of humanity.Humanitarian principles are not only the most basic principles of intellectual property rights ethic, but also the starting point and ultimate goal of the entire arrangement of intellectual property system and the general regulation of the intellectual property system ethic’s character. It requires intellectual property rights should protect people’s freedom and autonomy, respect people’s value and dignity, and promote people’s self-realization. Justice is the basic principle of intellectual property rights ethic and the fundamental measure of value and internal basis of intellectual property rights institutional arrangement. Justice principles include three requirements: the impartiality of access to intellectual property rights; the equality to the owners of intellectual property rights; the inviolability of legitimate intellectual property rights. Utilitarian principle run through the settings and operation of the entire process of intellectual property system, it is the fundamental goal of intellectual property system arrangements and people’s behavior of selection. Utilitarian principle includes the largest welfare principle, the effectiveness principle, high-efficiency target. The overall principles are the basic ethics and values of international protection of intellectual property rights and the basic standard in accordance with the rationality of international protection of intellectual property rights. It requires the overall benefits as the basic value orientation of intellectual property system and intellectual property protection should safeguard the overall interests; respect the autonomy of intellectual property system in developing countries; cultivate an overall sense of humanity, and promote the harmonious development of intellectual property rights. The operation of intellectual property rights, including intellectual property rights’ confering, use, transfer and revenue distribution. Intellectual property rights’ confering is the starting point of operation and the largest area of ethical issues. And its basic ethical regulation is justice, with the creative work to access to intellectual property rights is the most fair thing, and investment is also the intellectual property rights obtained through proper channels, but the access to intellectual property rights in the way of investment has brought the ethics of intellectual property rights with the most difficult problems: the alienation of the scientific workforce. The use and transfer of intellectual property rights are an important aspect of the system. The use of intellectual property rights contained numbers of ethical problems.The main criterion, which intellectual property rights use the ethics is autonomy, harmless, beneficial. During the transfer ethics of intellectual property are the code of conduct and value orientation. Code of ethics for the transfer of intellectual property rights are: freedom, equity, beneficial to the interests of the smallest beneficiaries. The proceeds of intellectual property rights are a fundamental right. Revenue distribution is also the focus of ethical problems, it should be legitimately distributed and intellectual property rights shall be distributed in accordance with the creation of value and benefit of the principle of unity. There is conflict in fairness and efficiency existing in revenue distribution of intellectual property rights and that is ultimately rooted in the duality of human existence. Revenue distribution should be based on the fairness in the pursuit of efficiency. Intellectual property revenue distribution should follow the ethical requirements: intellectual property rights owner’s proceeds should be directly proportional to their contribution to society; the principle of respecting for differences, making reasonable adjustments to the revenue distribution, and safeguarding the poor’s most basic right to survival and develop.The development of technology causes the continuous expansion of intellectual property rights, many new intellectual products have been incorporated into the smart object of intellectual property rights. The expansion of intellectual property right has brought unprecedented new moral dilemmas to the moral life of mankind. There are many examples as follows: Such as patent protection of human genes makes the human moral system face new challenges, because it touches upon the bottom line of human morality, and it even subverts the moral traditions and basic beliefs of human being ; drug patent protection trespasses the right to live and the right to health; copyright monopoly corrodes the right to freedom of information and so on. These moral dilemmas make the practice of intellectual property protection come across many ethical dilemmas, and even strongly challenge the existence of intellectual property itself.Harmony is not only the goal pursued by law but also the objective of social development. The inherent conflict between the morality and law can not be solely resolved by the law itself, we must look to a higher and more universal ethical spirit to overcome the conflict. We must protect the intellectual property properly to promote the sound development of intellectual property rights and to realize the ethical mission that copyright should promote the existence and progress of human being.更多还原