近代（1895-1949）青海民间商贸与社会经济的扩展

【作者】 勉卫忠；

【导师】 尚衍斌；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 由于特殊的地理环境及复杂的历史原因,青海在前近代各民族长期是农牧分治的,从唐宋开始,历代统治者制定“茶马互市”以限定农牧民之间的商贸交往,清前期国力强盛,将整个青海蒙藏牧区纳入到统一的多民族国家之中,逐于雍正十三年(1735年)停止茶马互市,沿袭千年的官方专营的“茶马制度”的种种限制被取消,从此自由的民间贸易一直发展到民国中后期。民间贸易的自由,商人的自由迁徙,使原来彼此孤立的农牧经济区域开始联系、结合,引起了青海内部社会经济运行形式的演变,遂促使青海东部与西部农业经济文化区域与牧业经济文化区域在青海小环境中结合,对青海这一多民族聚居大省的经济开发产生了重要的影响。本文拟借助跨学科的理论和方法及近年来研究领域的崭新视角,以清朝、民国时期,国家——地方社会变迁场域中的青海民间贸易兴起的社会因素为背景,以1895-1949年间青海民间贸易和地方民族经济扩展的互动关系为主线,采取各学科相结合的研究方法,深入细致探讨以各级城镇商贸市场为依托,由各族商人而主导的民间商贸的变迁过程和运行机制,从而揭示其对青海地方民族社会经济扩展的历史绩效。本文认为,1895年始青海民间贸易快速升温的巨大动力则是皮毛贸易“引擎”带动,在其带动下清前中期发展起来的民间贸易作为特殊的商品流通方式也顺应了历史发展的潮流相应的发生了变迁。皮毛贸易的兴起,青海农牧区自然经济逐步受到了一定的冲击。于是,伴随着农牧产品商品化程度的加深,青海地区旧有的经济结构不断分解,新经济因素不断滋长,逐步形成了以西宁为中心城市市场,以寺院城镇、军事城堡、县治所为中心市镇市场,以集镇为基本市场的多层次城镇市场结构,并逐渐转化为开放的、全国乃至世界市场体系的一个组成部分。同样在羊毛贸易繁荣带动之下给青海传统的商人结构带来了深刻的影响与巨变,从事商贸的商人既有传统商人的延续,又有近代资本主义商业因素影响下的商人的转变及其壮大。回族官僚商业资本逐渐兴起,到民国末期逐步形成垄断商业,民间商人依旧顽强的坚持着商贸活动。这一历史时期,省内外汉族商人、回族商人、藏族商人和寺院商业、洋行等,他们或为行商、坐商,或为批发商、零售商、小商小贩,或从事过载行业、大小行业商铺(店)、歇家等行业,支撑着近代青海民间商贸的正常运行机制。伴随着民间商贸的不断扩张和兴盛,以城镇商贸为依托,以各族商人为主导的民间商贸在农牧区的大规模开展,使各民族间的经济文化交往也在日益增强,促进了各民族的和谐共生,更为重要的是自由的民间商贸给青海各民族的产业结构、从业结构以及社会生活由传统迈向近代化转变带来了机遇,并为近代青海各民族经济扩展提供了一定限度的空间,有力地推动了青海地方民族经济开发和社会变迁。逐使青海东部与西部农业经济文化区域与牧业经济文化区域在青海小环境中结合,为近代青海建省奠定了物质基础,并走上了一条因商而兴的特殊城镇化道路。本文对民间商贸与民族经济发展主题的探讨有助于我们深化对当前青海农牧区生态保护、经济开发及城镇化发展的决策思考,为实现藏区人与自然的和谐发展,为加快青海藏区和全省发展、增加各族人民的团结和福祉无疑具有一定的借鉴和启迪意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Due to the special geographical environment and complex historical reasons, the farming and pastoral areas had been governed separately in various ethnic groups in Qinghai region during the early period of modern times. The rulers of successive dynasties drew up the articles of tea -horse trade to limit the business contact between the farmers and herdsmen. The tea-horse trade originated in Tang and Song dynasties, developed in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and declined in the early years of Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty prospered in its early period and brought the Qinghai, Mongolian and Tibetan areas into the territory of the united multinational country. By the thirteen years of Yongzheng(1735) the tea-horse trade had been stopped, and the officially monopolized tea horse system which lasted for thousand years had been cancelled. Since then the free non-governmental trade had developped well into the middle and late period of the Republic of China. The freedom of the non-governmental trade and the unbounded movement of the businessmen had promoted the communication and conbination of the originally isolated farming and pastoral economic zones. The inner social and economic operation form of Qinghai had also been changed so that the gap between the farming economic zones and pastoral economic zones had been bridged within the micro-environment of Qinghai region both in western and eastern parts. These changes had exerted great influence into the economic development of this multinational community and laid the meterial foundation for the construction of the modern Qinghai Province. The background of this artical is set in the rising non-governmental trade in the precess of the national and local changes in Qinghai during the Qing Danasty and the Republic of China(1895-1949). By adopting the interdisplinary theories and means and the new perspective of the recent research , this paper intends to explore the process of changes and operating mechanism of the non-governmental trade, which relies on the all-levels markets of cities and towns and were led by the businessmen from all ethnic groups. Through thorough discussion, this paper anticipates to reveal the attribution the non-governmental trade added to economic expansion of Qinghai area by placing the interaction between the non-governmental trade and local economic expansion as the main line .The fur trade is the engine to promote the non-governmental trade in Qinghai area. Driven by the fur trade, the non-governmental trade as a special way of circulation of commodities which confirmed to the historical trend had changed accordingly. With the rise of the fur trade, the natural economy in farming and pastoral areas of Qinghai had gradually been impacted. Thus, along with the deepening of commercialization of agriculture and animal husbandry products, the old economic structure of Qinghai region continued to break down and the new economic factors continued to grow. A multilevelled market structure of cities and towns majored by a city market centered in Xining, and a town market center in temple town, military castle, and county legacy had gradually formed and then transformed into a part of the open ,national and even international market. The prosperity of the wool trade had also brought profound impact and changes to the business structure of Qinghai. The businessmen of Qinghai involved in the commercial transactions continued their traditions and at the same time moved forward to take the new form. Though the Hui bureaucratic commercial capital had been on the arise, the civil businessmen still clung to the commercial activities. During this historical period, Han, Hui, and Tibetan businessmen inside and outside the province as well as the monastery traders are either peddlers , shopkeepers or wholesalers and retailers. They are either involved in overload industry or rest home and other industries. These supported the normal operating mechanism of the civil commercial trade of the modern Qinghai Province.Along with the continuous expansion and prosperity of non-governmental trade , the non-governmental trade which based on the city and town trade and was led by the businessmen from all ethnic groups had been carried out in a large scale. This increasing non-governmental trade had strengthen the economic and culture exchange of different ethnic groups and promoted the harmonious co-existence of all ethnic groups. What’s more important is the free private trade has brought opportunities for transformation from the traditional period to the modern period of industrial structure,the employments structure and the social life. In addition, the non-governmental trade had also provided a certain level of space for the economic expansion of different ethnic groups in Qinghai region and gave strong impetus to the economic development and social change of Qinghai Province.更多还原