清代贵州女性生活研究

【作者】 张磊；

【导师】 胡绍华；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 中国少数民族史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文围绕清代贵州女性生活这一主题,综合运用历史学、人类学、社会学、文化学等多学科的研究方法,对清代贵州女性生活的各个方面进行了全面地梳理与分析。着力论述了清代贵州女性的政治经济生活、服饰与饮食、节日与精神信仰、婚恋家庭生活等方面,勾勒出清代贵州女性生活的状况,指出了贵州各族女性生活的差异性。透过清代贵州女性生活这一历史侧影,反映出贵州社会的生产生活状况,从新的视角审视了清代贵州的社会文化变迁。正文分为五章,加上绪论和结语,共有七个部分组成,主要内容如下:绪论部分综合评述了选题的意义与价值及相关研究动态,交代了本文的研究思路与基本方法,以及创新点。第一章清代贵州女性生活所依存的社会背景。清代是贵州历史上获得较大发展的一个时期,“改土归流”、开辟苗疆等一系列政治、军事举措的推行,打破了贵州各地区间的壁垒,促进了贵州经济、文化的交流,推动了贵州经济的发展和社会进步。本章从社会的重构与嬗变、民族的迁徙融合与文化的多样性两个方面入手,揭示了清代贵州女性生活所依存的社会背景。第二章清代贵州政治经济生活中的各族女性。本章对清代贵州汉族与少数民族女性的政治、经济生活进行了综合梳理、分析,揭示了汉族与各少数民族女性在政治生活方面存在的巨大差异,而在经济生活方面又存在许多共性的特点。特别是通过对清代贵州女性经济生活的考察,反映出贵州女性在经济生活中的地位与作用,她们和男性一起构筑起各民族的不同经济生活方式,共同推动着经济的发展,并建立起了与男性间互补的两性关系。第三章清代贵州各族女性的服饰与饮食。服饰是物质生活的一部分,通过对清代贵州各族女性服饰的考察,反映出各民族的装饰习俗和不同的审美情趣、审美理想、审美追求。表现出少数民族女性服饰较男性服饰在款式上更为复杂、色彩上更为艳丽的特点,而且在汉文化的影响下少数民族女性较多的保留了本民族传统服饰的特色。清代贵州女性的饮食文化,蕴含于贵州各民族的饮食文化之中,很难将其独立地分隔出来,各民族女性的饮食因地域、习俗的不同会有所不同。第四章清代贵州节日与精神信仰中的各族女性。通过对清代贵州汉族与少数民族女性在节日生活中的表现,凸显出节日在女性生活中的意义。正是丰富多彩的节日文化以及节日期间的娱乐生活,才将女性的日常生活点缀的如此多彩。通过对汉族和少数民族女性精神信仰的分析与对比,来说明不同的精神信仰对女性生活的影响,并揭示出清代贵州地区以儒家思想为代表的汉文化不断的深入传播,致使少数民族女性的精神信仰也逐渐趋同于汉族女性。第五章清代贵州各族婚恋家庭生活中的女性。主要从恋爱方式、成婚礼仪、婚姻家庭中的两性关系等方面进行了论述与分析。通过对汉族和少数民族女性恋爱活动的对比,反映出少数民族女性拥有较为自由的恋爱方式,但同时也指出这种自由恋爱方式的背后也会受到婚姻圈、舅权等因素的影响。婚姻礼仪方面分析了各民族在婚礼仪式上的差异。在婚姻家庭中的两性关系方面揭示了生活在儒家思想影响下的汉族女性在婚姻家庭中的地位与男性相比极不平等,她们依附于男性,失去了与男性平等对话的权利;而少数民族女性则不然,通过对少数民族“不落夫家”习俗的考察,反映了少数民族女性在婚姻家庭中的地位并不低于男性。由于母系氏族残余的影响,少数民族女性在政治经济生活中发挥着重要的作用,这也必然影响到少数民族女性在婚姻家庭中的地位及两性关系。结语部分从性别、民族、文化的角度对女性的生活状况进行分析,指出多民族地区的女性生活,具有人类文化中所表现出来的许多共性,同时也由于其历史的阶段性、文化的地方性和民族性而具有了一些自身的特点和风格。清代贵州女性生活中所反映出来的差异,也证明了一个女人的社会身份不仅仅是女性,同时她还是隶属于某个民族、某个阶层,并有自己独特的生活经验,在错综复杂的社会价值网上,她所占据的位置是独一无二的。清代贵州各族女性身上所表现出来的这种独特性,对于今天的女性来说也具有十分重要的借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, around the theme of the lives of women in Guizhou during the Qing Dynasty, comprehensive use of multi-disciplinary research methods as history, anthropology, sociology, cultural study, etc., this paper analyzes the lives of women in Guizhou Province in the Qing Dynasty, relates focus on their political and economic lives, clothing and food, holiday and spiritual beliefs, family life, marriage, etc., outlined the lives of women of all ethnic groups in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty, pointed out the differences between women of all ethnic groups .Through the lives of women in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty ,it shows the production and living condition of Guizhou, and the social and cultural changes in Guizhou from a new perspective.The body is divided into five chapters, together with the preface and conclusion, a total of seven parts, the main contents are as follows:Preface part relates the significance and value of the topic, the current research situation, introduces the basic research ideas, methods and innovation.Chapter I analyzes the social background of women’s living in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty. Guizhou had a large development in Qing Dynasty, "a system of local administrators in minority areas appointed by the Central Government", a series of political and military initiatives to implement, promoted its economic and cultural exchanges and progress. This chapter begins with the reconstruction and the evolution of the society, the movement and integration of the nation, and the culture diversity, analyzes the social background of women’s living in the Qing Dynasty.Chapter II analyzes the political and economic lives of women of all ethnic groups in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty. Through the analysis on women’s political and economic lives of the Han nationality and other minority, revealed the great differences existed in the political life and the commonness In the economic life. Through the study of women in economic life, reflected the status and role of women in the economic life, they built different economic ways of life of all ethnic groups together with the men, and jointly promoted the economic development, and established the complementary relationship between the sexes with the men.Chapter III relates the costumes and diet of women of all ethnic groups in Guizhou Province in the Qing Dynasty. Costumes are a part of material life, through the inspection of all ethnic groups of female costumes, reflecting the various decoration customs, and different aesthetic temperament, aesthetic ideals, aesthetic pursuit of all ethnic groups. And demonstrated a minority of women’s dress costumes have more complex models and brilliant colors than men’s, and under the influence of Han culture women retain more of the national traditional costume features. Women’s food culture included in diet culture of Guizhou, it is difficult to be sorted out. Due to the difference between geography and customs, the diet of women of all ethnic groups was different.Chapter IV analyzes women in holiday and their spiritual beliefs of all ethnic groups. Through the performance of Han and minority women in their lives of the holiday, reveals the significance of the lives of women, It was the rich and varied holiday entertainment that made the daily lives of women so colorful. And through the analysis and comparison of the spirit and belief of the Han and minority women, illustrates the impact on the lives of women, and reveals that with the spread of Han culture, the minority women’s spiritual beliefs is gradually converging on the Han women.Chapter V analyzes women in family marriage life of all ethnic groups in Guizhou Province in the Qing Dynasty. By the contrast of love activity between the Han and minority women, reflected the minority women have more freedom in love, it also pointed out that free love was influenced by other factors; through the analysis of Marriage ritual reflects the difference between minority at the wedding ceremony. Living under the influence of Confucian thought, the Han women at marriage had a unequal position compared with men in the family. They are dependent on men, lost their equal dialogue rights with men. Otherwise the minority women had a relatively higher position than men in family. This is not only because of the residual effects of matriarchal ,but also because of ethnic minority women played a role no less than men in the economic life which are bound to affect women in marriage and family status and gender relations.Conclusion part analyzes women’s living conditions from gender, ethnic, cultural perspective, points out that women’s lives in multi-ethnic area has much in common with human culture, At the same time, because of its historical stage, the culture of local and national character, has a number of its own characteristics and style. The different lives of women in Guizhou Province in the Qing Dynasty proved once again that a woman’s social identity is not just women, at the same time she is part of a nation, a class, and has its own unique life experience. In the complex social value net, she occupied the unique position. The unique nature of women of all ethnic groups in Guizhou Province in the Qing Dynasty is also worth of today’s women learning.更多还原