演说舞台上的雅典民主

【作者】 李尚君；

【导师】 黄洋； 张巍；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 世界史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 本文从表演研究的视角,将雅典政治演说作为一种以交流为目的的公共表演行为,通过在特定演说场合的语境中分析演说的修辞策略,来考察政治家的演说表演对民众政治认知的影响作用。在对多篇最具代表性的德谟斯提尼演说辞进行详细文本分析的基础上,笔者将从四个主要方面阐述这一主题。在第一章中,首先指出雅典政治演说自身所具有的双重属性,即表演属性和政治属性。从柏拉图和亚里士多德对演说术的认识中,可以看出政治演说双重属性之间存在的张力。在此基础上,进一步讨论德谟斯提尼与埃斯基尼斯在演说中如何面对这种张力,分析他们针对对方演说能力的互相攻击,将这些攻击视为有关演说表演属性的批评话语,从而考察演说表演及其相应批评话语对民众听取演说并形成政治认知的方式所可能产生的影响。第二章重点分析德谟斯提尼与埃斯基尼斯在诉讼演说中对彼此私人生活所进行的揭示与攻击。笔者从演说修辞目的和雅典民主政治基本原则两个方面,说明政治家展示其私人生活的必要性;并将充分论述,这种私人生活的展示通过公民法庭这一公共演说场合,对民众了解和认识政治家具有非常重要的作用。第三章则集中关注德谟斯提尼在演说中如何呈现政治事务。笔者将主要分析德谟斯提尼在与埃斯基尼斯进行公共诉讼以及阐述反马其顿政策的过程中所运用的表述方式和修辞策略,并且考察这些修辞策略对雅典民众获知、理解和判断政治事务所可能产生的影响作用。在第四章中,笔者将重新审视德谟斯提尼演说辞中关于雅典民主政体、政治运作方式、意识形态以及法律与民众权威等方面的议论,分析这些内容在演说中的修辞作用,重在考察德谟斯提尼怎样利用它们来塑造雅典民众在特定演说场合中的政治角色意识,从而影响民众对演说内容的理解以及对政治家提议的选择。从以上四个方面的分析中,我们将可以看到,在雅典民主政治的特殊历史环境中,政治家的演说表演对民众的政治认知能够产生某些积极的促进作用。因此,在结论部分,笔者将在总结这些促进作用的基础上进一步指出,雅典政治家的演说表演为民众正常地进行政治参与提供了必要的保障,在一定程度上维系着雅典民主政治的持续运作。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the point of view of performance study, Athenian political oratory can be regarded as a kind of public performance for communication. On this premis, therefore, the author analyzes the rhetorical strategies in the context of particular occasion of speech, in order to investigate how the Athenian politicians’ performance of speeches affected the populace’s political cognition. This is the very subject of the dissertation. By a thorough analysis of some most typical speeches from Demosthenes, the author chooses four important aspects to expatiate on this subject.In Chapter One, according to some statements about rhetoric by Plato and Aristotle, the author explains the tension between performantive nature and political nature of Athenian political oratory, and then discusses how Demosthenes and his political rival Aeschines practised their performance of speeches in this tension. By analyzing their mutual attacks on each one’s ability to deliver speeches, the author investigates how the rhetorical performantive effect and the critical discourse about it influenced the way in which the Athenian populace listened to the politicians’ speeches and whereafter developed political cognition.In Chapter Two, the author discusses Demosthenes and Aeschines’ mutual slanders on each other’s private life. In the author’s opinion, these slanders can be regarded as a kind of exposition of politicians’ personal lives, which was required in accordance with both rhetorical strategies and Athenian democratic principles. Through the litigations in the people’s courts, this exposition was important to Athenian common citizens to know their politicians.In Chapter Three, the author’s discussion is focused on Demosthenes’ presentation of political affairs. The author analyzes the rhetorical strategies by which Demosthenes demonstrated the political affairs in the litigation with Aeschines and explained his policy against Macedon. The aim of this analysis is to investigate how these rhetorical strategies affected the Athenian populce’s knowledge, interpretation and estimation of political affairs.In Chpater Four, the author gives a new survey of Demosthenes’ discussions on Athenian democracy, the pattern of political operation, ideology, and the sovereingty of the laws and the populce. In Demosthenes’ speeches, these discussions were also used as rhetorical strategies to mold the populace’s counsiousness of political role and influence the way in which the populace interpreted the speeches and choosed the politicians’ policies.After the investigations of these four aspects, we can see that in Athenian democracy the politicians’ performance of speeches had a positive affect on the populace’s political cognition. In the conclusion of the dissertation, the author makes further the discussion to argue that with this positive affect the politicians’ performance of speeches to some extent could ensure the populace’s political participation and maintain the continuity of Athenian democracy.更多还原