身份、组织与政治

【作者】 徐锋华；

【导师】 张济顺；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2009， 博士

【副题名】1938-1958年的宋庆龄和保盟—中福会

【摘要】 保卫中国同盟是宋庆龄1938年在香港创立的抗日救亡组织,它对海内外呼吁抗战、发起募捐,举办工业合作社和各种义演、义卖活动,为中共及其军队提供了大量医药和物资援助,并创办《保卫中国同盟新闻通讯》、《华商报》等刊物,向世界宣传中共的抗战业绩。1941年香港沦陷后,保盟迁至重庆继续募款支援抗日根据地,并致力于救济自然灾害。1945年,保盟改组为中国福利基金会,迁到上海,除继续援助解放区外,主要进行赈济难民和孤儿、救助贫困的文化界人士等工作,演变为一个社会救济机构。新中国成立后,宋庆龄于1950年将中国福利基金会改组为中国福利会,受中央和上海市政府双重领导,主要从事妇女、儿童的福利工作,弥补了初建的新政权无力顾及社会福利的不足;并以福利研究机构的名义创办《中国建设》英文刊物,向国际社会宣传新政权,打破了少数国家对新中国的封锁。随着共和国建立初期一系列政治运动的开展及行政人事的变革,中共党组织在中福会总会及其下属单位逐步建立并完善。到1958年,中国福利会嬗变为中共领导下的一个具有妇幼保健、儿童文化、校外教育、国际宣传等8个机构的文教事业单位。保盟—中福会之所以能历经抗日战争、解放战争及共和国三个不同历史时期、国共两个不同的政治社会体制而延续至今,并为近代中国的社会救济和福利事业做出了自己的独特贡献,除了该组织本身的特殊性外,还在于宋庆龄的特殊身份及由此所织就的社会权力关系网络的影响力。在这些因素的共同作用下,无论执政的是国民党还是共产党,都对宋庆龄及其领导的保盟—中福会的存在表现出一定程度的包容,这无形中为它营造了一种微妙的政治氛围。正因如此,使得保盟能够在开展社会救济福利的同时支援中共,中福会在中共执政后又能避免被取缔的命运并纳入国家体制继续服务,而宋庆龄的社会思想和实践也在此过程中得以体现。更多还原

【Abstract】 China Defense League was a national salvation organization, which was founded by Soong Ching-ling in Hong Kong in 1938. It launched fund-raising at home and abroad, by means of organizing charity performance and sale of work, conducting industrial cooperatives activities. It provided a large number of medical and material assistance for the CCP and its army. It published "China Defense League Newsletter" and "Commerce Newspaper" to propagandize to the world the outstanding achievement of Chinese Communist Party’s in the Anti-Japanese War.The League moved to Chongqing when Hong Kong was occupied by Japanese army in 1941, continued to raise money to support anti-Japanese base areas, and relieved the sufferer of natural disaster. After we won the war in 1945, the League was reorganized to China Welfare Found, and then moved to Shanghai. It had evolved as a social relief agency. In addition to continue to provide assistance to the liberated areas, the major mission was to relieve the refugees and orphans, the impoverished cultural worker.After the PRC was founded, Soong Ching-ling restructured China Welfare Fund to the China Welfare Institute in 1950. It was dually leaded by the central government and the Shanghai Municipal Government. It mainly engaged in women and children’s welfare work, to make up the social welfare work which the new regime couldn’t take into account. It issued an English language publication named "China Reconstruction", on behalf of welfare research agency, which broke the embargo of a few countries to the new China, by promoting the new regime to the international community.With the progress of a series of political movements and administrative personnel changes during the beginning period, the CCP organizations at all levels were gradually established and perfected in China Welfare Institute as well as its subordinate units. In 1958, the China Welfare Institute became a public institution under the leadership of the CCP, which owned eight institutions about maternal and child health, children’s culture, out-of-school education, international promotion.The institute could go through three different historical periods, i.e. the Anti-Japanese War, the liberation war and the PRC, experienced two different political and social systems, existed to nowadays and made its own unique contributions to modern China’s social relief and welfare services. Not only because the special nature of the organization itself, but also Soong Ching-ling’s special status and the power influence of the social relation network that it had weaved. Of these factors, whether the ruling Party was the KMT or the CCP, they all showed a certain degree of tolerance to the existence of Soong Ching-ling and her institute. They created a delicate political atmosphere virtually. For this reason, the institute could support the CCP at the same time of carrying out social relief and welfare, and it could avoid the fate of the banned and continue to serve in the national system after the CCP got the power, and in this process, Soong Ching-ling’s social thinking and practice was reflected.更多还原