【作者】 刘毓航；

【导师】 奚洁人；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 领导教育学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 领导艺术是一个古老而历久弥新的命题,也是一个人所熟知而又知之不深的课题。领导对艺术具有内在的和必然的要求,领导作为最富有创造性、挑战性和责任性的人类社会历史活动,本身就是科学性和艺术性的统一。当前,我国正处在改革开放和社会转型时期,价值观念、文化传统、经济体制、政治参与以及社会生活方式都处在剧烈变革和发展中,艰巨的建设任务、复杂的经济社会格局、错综变幻的国际形势带来前所未有的压力和挑战。变革的时代必然期待领导艺术,重任和使命必然呼唤艺术化的领导。尽管领导艺术成为近几十年来迅速崛起的一个较新的研究领域,但对它的理论认识还远未能揭示其基本原理和规律,对实践的关切距公众预期也相去甚远。建基于领导艺术已有的认知和探索,本研究旨在借鉴艺术学、美学、社会表演学、教育学等学科的有益视角,汲取其滋养元素,尝试对领导艺术进行审美的解读,以期能够认识和把握领导艺术内在规定性的特征要素及行为要义,进一步丰富领导艺术理论学园,跟进领导艺术的实践追踪。关于“领导艺术”的意义,存在着约定俗成的“成见”。显然,清理这些“成见”是认识“领导艺术不是什么”和“领导艺术是什么的”致思前提。合理界定领导艺术的涵义,既离不开领导概念的“约定”,也须对“艺术”的本质进行整体的把握。我们在“领导”和“艺术”两个看似遥远的领域之间,从人类生存和发展的向度寻找出其沟通本原:即人性的层面。这是因为领导活动具有艺术性的精神内涵和特征,艺术活动也具有与领导活动相通的功能和理想性追求。领导的目标与艺术的目标终极相通:领导艺术所要完成的这幅“社会艺术品”的目标,就是要在人类和谐、稳定与发展的社会中寻求最理想的生活。我们在揭示领导者如何运用艺术的手段达到目的的同时,也就在探索领导行为如何真正地进入由“技”到“艺”的审美境界,美如何成为目的本身。因而,在领导艺术的探索中,我们不仅要把握领导艺术中“术”的层面,更要关注领导艺术中“艺”的境界,从艺术学、美学的本体高度把领导艺术看作是人类在领导活动领域中的审美建构。因此,本研究意图牵住领导艺术审美走向的线头,对领导艺术进行多维的考察,以期还原领导艺术应有美学图景,向领导艺术的本真状态逼近一步。正如生动具体的感人形象是艺术存在的基本形式,塑造良好的领导形象,则是领导艺术水平高低的重要标志。与艺术家创造艺术形象不同,领导者的美好形象是在与追随者以及社会公众的互动中建构与传播的,离不开领导者的社会表演行为。因而,表演与社会表演学也引起了我们的关注:表演内在于人类生活,是人类的一种普遍的存在方式,它渗透于人类行为的各个方面。人类表演具有的塑造性、摹仿性、感染性、教化性、象征性等特征,是生发互动影响力的源头。表演因此与领导文化有着相融共生的关系,领导行为具有社会表演性的特征。鉴于当前领导活动领域表演理解的缺席,我们认为表演作为领导活动的基本存在方式,是领导艺术应该着力关注和开发的重要领域。作为领导活动的主体——领导者的素质提升应为本研究的重要旨归。因为离开高素质的领导者谈领导艺术,则是按图索骥、缘木求鱼。基于领导教育的视角,审美教育在领导者素质建构中应有重要的地位,因之,重视领导教育的审美之维,推进领导教育的创新成为本研究的最终落脚点。根据上述的研究构想,本文确定了以下研究内容:第一章以领导艺术概念的厘定为致思前提,通过对我国领导艺术研究概况的梳理总结,在领导学界对领导艺术已有的认识基础上,以美学视角拓展领导艺术新的内涵,提出领导艺术的审美内涵并对其结构和特征进行理论探析。第二、三两章基于领导行为的社会表演性本质和领导表演活动的艺术化要求,以社会学、表演学、社会心理学、传媒学等为指导,探析领导活动的表演现象,对领导角色和相应的表演行为进行探赜,并在价值论基础上对领导表演现象提出评价尺度,以期领导的表演能够应对传媒时代领导者公共形象的形塑、建构和传播。第四、五两章把领导艺术看作是人类在领导领域中的审美建构,以美学和艺术学为指导,对领导审美的深层观照、领导艺术的审美境界、领导艺术的审美范畴等方面进行理性的追问,并对领导“技”“艺”之美进行实践关照,其重要旨归不仅是对领导艺术进行审美追问和反思,而是进一步探寻其为领导艺术的产生和实现提供的价值导向和审美指导,使得领导艺术能创造出具有美学特征和意义的“作品”,获得领导艺术内在规定性的特征要素。第六章指出在全球化、科技化、信息化共同推进的传媒时代,领导角色兼具艺术家角色内涵的丰富性、特征的多样性,那么作为表演主体和艺术创造主体的领导者应具备的审美素养及培养是本研究最终的聚焦点。从领导教育和培养的视角,提出新时代领导教育的审美之维,旨在推进领导教育的创新。总之,领导艺术是领导者与追随者在领导过程中合作创造、共同培育、相互欣赏的一朵精神奇葩,必将以其丰富的价值和独具的魅力,绽放于人类追求领导理想的过程中,从而宣告“享受领导”时代的到来。更多还原

【Abstract】 The art of leadership is not only an old topic newer with time, but a familiar yet less known subject. Leadership inevitably needs art for it is the most creative and challengeable activity with great responsibility, which demands the unity of scientific and artistic nature. During the transferring period of open and reform, China has experienced a dramatic change and development in the idea of value, tradition of culture, economical system and political participation. Furthermore, arduous task of constructing, complicated patterns of economy and society as well as anfractuous international situation have brought about the unprecedented pressure and challenge. A changing time necessarily expects the art of leadership and important task and mission calls for the leadership achieving the state of art as well.Though the art of leadership has grown up and become a newer domain of research in the recent decades, we still fail to comprehend it deeply and theoretically enough to reveal its basic laws and principles, let alone the concern with practice which is far away from the expectation of the public. In view of the above situation, the article is trying to explore it from various angles, such as arts, aesthetics, social science and pedagogic etc, with the aim to enrich the art of leadership theoretically and practically.There are popular prejudices as to the connotation of the art of the leadership. Understanding "What is the art of leadership?" and "What is not?" is based on the premise that these prejudices should be eliminated. It is a must to master the definition of leadership and the nature of art in order to give a reasonable definition of the art of leadership. The leadership and the art which seem irrelevant to each other, there are the common source of communication at human nature because leadership activity has the artistic spiritual connotation and feature, while art activity has the same function and pursuit. The two has the same final aim: the aim of the art of leadership is to let human seek the ideal life in the harmonious and stable society. While exploring the leader how to achieve the aim with artistic means, we will also explore how the art enter the aesthetic state from "technique" to "art", with the aesthetic becoming the aim. In the course of exploring the art of leadership, we need to master the "technique" as well as the "art" of leadership, regarding the art of leadership as aesthetic construction in leadership field at the level of arts and aesthetics. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the art from various dimensions with the aim to bring it back to aesthetic state.Just as a vivid image is the basic pattern of art, the important symbol of the art of leadership is excellent leadership image. Different from the art image, the good image of leader needs his social performance act since it is constructed and communicated during the course of interaction with the followers and the public. So performance science and social performance sciences attract our attention: performance is innate in human life, which penetrates in various aspects of human action as a common existence means. The human’s performance has the features of formability, mimetism, infectivity, humanization, token etc, which can generate interaction influence. As a result, performance and leadership culture have the intermingle relationship with each other, which endow the leadership action with social performance nature. In view of the absence of performance in leadership activity field, we hold that performance deserves further attention as the basic existence pattern of the leadership.Leaders, as the subject of leadership practice, need to upgrade their personal quality. This is the important argument of the article. Without this kind of personal quality, a discussion of the art of leadership would become something like trying to recognize a new value by following up an outdated valuation and, even worse, working hard for nothing. Based on the leadership education, the author believes that aesthetic education should play a key role in the construction of leaders’ personal quality and, consequently, the article’s final achievement lies in both recognizing the aesthetic dimension and promoting the innovation during leadership educating. With the above- mentioned ideation of research, the article sets up the research sectors as following:By holding the precondition of ascertaining the concept of art-of-leadership, streamlining the general situation of China’s leadership research, standing on the level of existing achievement of art-of-leadership in the academe of leadership and a new connotation developed in art-of-leadership under an aesthetically visual angle, Chapter One puts forward the aesthetic signification involved in the art of leadership and has a theoretical probe on structure and characteristics of the signification.Based on the socially acting essence of leadership behaviors and the art-related demand to leadership acting, Chapter Two and Three follow the guidance of sociology, acting art, social psychology and media for probing the acting behaviors and phenomena of leadership practice, study the role played by leaders and the relevant acting art. Also, on the basis of axiology, the two chapters establish a measure of evaluation in order to enable leaders’ performance good enough to deal with building, constructing and promoting their public images in the context of modern media.The next two chapters, the fourth and the fifth, regard the art of leadership as aesthetic construction of human beings in the field of leadership. Under the guidance of aesthetics and arts, we can quest closely and rationally about these aspects, involving deep reflection on aesthetic of leadership, aesthetic state of the art of leadership, and aesthetic category of the art of leadership, and scrutinize the beauty of "technique" and "art" of the leadership in the practice. The significant objective is not only to conduct aesthetic questioning and reflection on the art of leadership, but also to further explore how it can provide value-orientation and aesthetic guidance for the generation and implementation of the art of leadership, and to make the art of leadership create aesthetic and meaningful "work", thus get access to the characteristic elements inherent in the art of leadership.The sixth Chapter chiefly concerns that in the media’s time which is jointly promoted by globalization, technology and information, the role of leaders partakes the fruitful meanings and diverse features of the role of artists, hence, aesthetic accomplishment that leaders should possess both as subject in performance and art creation becomes the ultimate focus of the research, so does its cultivation and training, The aesthetic dimension of the leadership education of the New Time is proposed from the perspective of leadership education and its cultivation, also to promote innovation in leadership education.In conclusion, the art of leadership is a spiritual exotic flower which is the result of the cooperation, jointly nurture and mutual appreciation of the leader and their followers in the leadership process. It is bound to bloom in the human’s pursuit for ideal leadership in terms of priceless value and unique charm, so the coming of "enjoyment of leadership" time can be soon declared.更多还原