【作者】 蒋国学；

【导师】 李金明；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 越南南河阮氏政权是越南历史上一个特殊的地方割据政权。阮氏政权在南河建立了有效统治后,在大力发展社会生产的同时,充分利用其时东南亚海上贸易勃兴和中日不能直接贸易的有利时机,依托南河丰富的物产和南河位于东南亚与东北亚贸易网络交结处的有利地理位置,制定和实施了一系列有利于海外贸易发展的政策措施,用以吸引海外各国商人到南河贸易,为南河海外贸易的发展奠定了良好的物质和政策基础。南河人不擅出洋贸易,南河海外贸易的具体操作者主要是华商和日商,其中日商是南河海外贸易初期最重要的参与者,而华商则是南河海外贸易的全程主导者,南河大部分的海外贸易都是由华商来完成的。葡商、荷商、英商和法商等西方商人,以及一些东南亚国家商人也在不同程度上参与了南河海外贸易,尽管他们参与的程度不深,对南河海外贸易的进程影响不是很大,但他们的参与让南河海外贸易的范围更加广泛,内容也更加全面。南河在海外贸易发展过程中,逐步建立起了较为完备的海外贸易管理机构、征税体系以及海难船救助制度,这些机构和制度的建立让阮氏对南河海外贸易的管理更加制度化和规范化。但由于阮氏是南河海外贸易管理机构中的最高决策者,可以根据对外政策的需要和个人的喜好而调整税收标准和管理方式,故南河海外贸易管理制度在具体实施过程中又具有一定的灵活性,这种规范化基础上的灵活性,对南河海外贸易的主导商人华商具有很大的吸引力。南河海外贸易商品包括出口商品、进口商品和转口商品,交易方式有会安交易会式的自由买卖、阮氏的专买专卖、外商到生产地购买、向生产者订货和买办买卖等,这些丰富的贸易商品、多样化的交易方式为海外贸易商人带来了50-100%甚至更高的利润,而较高的利润正是吸引外商到南河贸易的重要原因。华商在南河内部获得了阮氏在入境、经济和文化政策等方面的优待,在南河之外又拥有良好的海上贸易网络,在南河海外贸易中拥有其他商人无法比拟的优势,因而成为了南河海外贸易最重要的操作者和不可或缺的推动者和管理者。正是因为有华商的积极参与,南河海外贸易才得以不断发展并走向鼎盛。南河海外贸易让南河与外界的政治、经济、文化交往得以扩大,在为阮氏政权带来巨额财富和国际认可的同时,也推动了南河商品经济的发展,带动了南河物质文化、制度文化和精神文化的发展,不仅为阮氏政权的巩固和发展做出了重要贡献,也为南河社会的全面发展注入了活力。正因为南河阮氏政权实施了开放的海外贸易政策,以规范又不失灵活性的管理和较高的利润吸引了大量外国海商—尤其是华商的积极参与,南河海外贸易才得以不断发展并达到了越南古代海外贸易的顶峰。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Nguyen regime of Nam Ha, Vietnam was a special regional regime in Vietnamese history. After establishing effective control in Nam Ha, the regime took strong measures to boost social production. Meanwhile, taking full advantage of the time when marine trade in South East Asia were booming and there were no direct trade between China and Japan, the regime established and implemented a series of policies promoting maritime trade, relying on the rich variety of goods in Nam Ha and its superb geographical position as the central hub of the South East Asian and North East Asian trade routes These policies aimed at attracting foreign traders to Nam Ha and laid a good material and political foundation for the development of maritime trade in Nam Ha.People in Nam Ha were not good at trading abroad and the majority of trade operators were Chinese and Japanese merchants. Japanese merchants were the most important participants at the initial stage of Nam Ha maritime trade, while Chinese merchants were the all-time leaders with most of maritime trade in Nam Ha conducted by them. Portuguese, Dutch, British and French merchants and merchants from some South East Asian countries also took part in Nam Ha maritime trade to varying extents. Although their involvement was not deep and their influence on the progress of Nam Ha maritime trade was not significant, their involvement extended the scope of Nam Ha maritime trade and complemented its content.During the development of maritime trade, Nam Ha gradually established some fairly complete systems of trade management, taxation and shipwrecking salvage. These institutes and systems made Nguyen’s management of maritime trade more institutionalized and formal. However, since Nguyen was the highest decision maker in the management, he can adjust the tax levels and mode of management according to his personal favor and foreign policy needs. This give some flexibility to Nam Ha’s trade management system in its implementation. This flexibility based on regulations had great attraction to Chinese merchants who were the dominant force in Nam Ha maritime trade.The merchandise in Nam Ha maritime trade includes merchandise for export, import and entrepot trade. The trading modes include the free marketing in Hoi An Fair, Nguyen’s monopolistic purchase and sale of certain goods, foreign traders going to original production region to purchase certain goods, booking some goods from manufacturers and trading through brokers. The rich variety of merchandise and modes of trade brought to merchants huge profits as high as 50-100% which is a key factor in Nam Ha’s attraction to foreign merchants.Within Nam Ha, Chinese merchants received favorable treatment from Nguyen administration in entry policy, economic policy and cultural policy. They also owned a good marine trading network outside Nam Ha. This gave them unquestionable advantage over other merchants and made them the prime operators, indispensable promoters and managers of the maritime trade. Because of the active participation of Chinese merchants, Nam Ha maritime trade kept developing and finally reached its height.Maritime trade expanded Nam Ha’s political, economic and cultural connections with the outside. It not only brought huge wealth and international recognition to Nguyen’s regime, but also boosted the development of commodity economy in Nam Ha, promoted the development in Nam Ha’s material, institutional and spiritual cultures. It made important contribution to the stability and development of Nguyen’s regime and injected energy into the full development of Nam Ha society.Nguyen’s regime in Nam Ha adopted an open maritime trade policy and attracted large numbers of foreign merchants to Nam Ha with formal yet flexible management and considerable profits. The participation of these merchants - especially Chinese merchants - kept Nam Ha maritime trade developing and brought it to the height in ancient foreign trade of Vietnam.更多还原