【作者】 卢晓明；

【导师】 黄民生；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 在城市污染河道治理与生态修复中,生物-生态法已越来越受到人们的高度重视。其中,水生植物技术以其良好的净化效果、独特的经济效益、能耗低、简单易行以及有利于重建和恢复良好的水生生态系统等特点,正日益受到人们的关注。本论文以复合型严重污染的黑臭河水为对象,构建植物净化槽（栽植两种不同植株密度的水生植物:挺水植物梭鱼草Pontederia cordataL.;浮叶植物睡莲Nymphaea tetragona）,开展水生植物净化黑臭河水的试验及工程示范研究,分析植物净化黑臭河水的效果、植物-微生物协同作用机制以及多级原位组合生物技术治理黑臭河道的工程示范效益,探讨黑臭河道水质生物净化的机理,旨为治理工程的技术设计、系统集成及运行调控提供科学依据。测定了8个水培有睡莲（N.tetragona）、梭鱼草（P.cordata）的净化槽（栽植密度:k1/4=5、k1/2=10、k1/1=20;曝气、非曝气）的植物根组织过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT活性与叶片可溶性蛋白（SP）、叶绿素（Chl）含量及对应水质的日变化,测定了不同净化槽中植物的形态大小、分蘖数、根密度、生物量、氮磷积累量,探讨了植物生理状况日变化与黑臭河水水质的相关性及植物栽植密度对其生理特性及河水净化效果的影响,研究了长期连续曝气下两种植物的生理响应及净化效果,比较了两种植物的生理特性及脱氮除磷效果,运用ERIC-PCR分子标记技术分析了植物根区微生物的群落结构动态与根区泌氧及河水净化效果三者之间的内在关联,另设空白槽对照（CK）。通过工程示范,长期跟踪考察了人工曝气与植物浮床及填料挂膜三者复合的治理技术对城市黑臭河水的净化效果。结果表明:植物根组织POD、CAT活性、叶片Chla、Chlb、SP含量与净化槽中溶P、NH₄⁺-N去除率间呈正相关;植物栽植密度较高的净化槽,植物的根、茎、叶较长,分蘖数、根密度较大,植株生物量、氮磷积累量较高,叶片Chla、Chlb、SP含量与净化槽的溶解性P、NH₄⁺-N去除率较高,而根组织POD、CAT活性较弱;随着光照增强,植物根组织POD、CAT活性增强,叶片SP、Chla、Chlb含量及净化槽中溶解性P、NH₄⁺-N去除率升高;夏季,由于光合午休影响,植物叶片SP含量及净化槽中DO浓度日变化呈双峰型,峰值约在12:00pm与14:00pm左右,在13:00pm左右,植物叶片SP含量及净化槽中DO浓度下降;在10:00am-14:00pm时段,植物根组织CAT、POD活性、叶片Chla、Chlb、SP含量及净化槽中溶解性P、NH₄⁺-N去除率高于其他时段。长期曝气影响植物的生理特性及黑臭河水的净化效果;梭鱼草对曝气影响的耐性比睡莲强;曝气槽中植物的根、茎、叶长度比非曝气槽中植物短,叶片Chla、Chlb、SP含量比非曝气槽中植物低,而根组织POD、CAT活性比非曝气槽中植物高;曝气槽中植株的氮磷积累量、生物量比非曝气槽中植物低;曝气槽中梭鱼草的分蘖数、根密度高于非曝气槽中梭鱼草,而睡莲则相反;梭鱼草曝气槽中BOD₅、COD、NH₄⁺-N去除效率比梭鱼草非曝气槽高（如夏季,分别高5.97%、7.12%、6.29%）,而TP、溶解性P去除率比非曝气槽明显低（如夏季,分别低38.18%、43.79%）;春、夏季,睡莲曝气槽中BOD₅、COD、NH₄⁺-N去除率比睡莲非曝气槽高,而TP、溶解性P去除率比睡莲非曝气槽低,但是,秋季睡莲曝气槽中BOD₅、COD、NH₄⁺-N、TP、溶解性P去除率分别比睡莲非曝气槽低5.71%、5.99%、6.06%、12.36%、9.95%。梭鱼草的除磷效果比睡莲明显,但两者的脱氮效果差异不明显;梭鱼草的耐污性较睡莲强,但睡莲在黑臭河水胁迫下的生命期比梭鱼草长;两种植物根组织的POD活性、叶片Chla、SP含量差异显著,而根组织Chlb、CAT活性差异不显著;睡莲根组织POD、CAT活性比梭鱼草高（如春季,分别高0.0961 U/（g·min）、1.4206 mg/（g·min））,而叶片Chla、Chlb、SP含量比梭鱼草低（如春季,分别低0.0010 mg/g、0.0231 mg/g、24.91 mg/g）;睡莲的根比梭鱼草长,而茎、叶略短;睡莲的分蘖数、根密度、生物量、氮磷积累量比梭鱼草低;睡莲槽中TP、溶解性P去除率比梭鱼草槽低,而两净化槽中NH₄⁺-N去除效果差异不明显。睡莲、梭鱼草的根区泌氧与黑臭河水的净化效果及植物根区微生物种群结构动态三者之间存在关联性。在10:00am-14:00pm时段,由于光照较强,植物根区泌氧量升高,根区微生物的种群丰度较高,导致较好的净水效果;随着植物栽植密度递增,根区泌氧量升高,使河水DO浓度升高,导致根区微生物的种群丰度升高,有较明显的净水效果;随着植物生长状况的季节性变化（春季,生长初期;夏季,生长旺盛期;秋季,衰老期）,植物根区泌氧增氧出现相应变化,导致植物根区微生物的种群丰度及河水的净化效果发生相应变化。示范工程区的水质跟踪监测结果表明,植物浮床与人工曝气及填料挂膜三者结合的治理技术,能够有效净化城区黑臭河水;人工曝气影响黑臭河水的TP、溶解性P去除效果。论文取得的创新成果:（1）从生理生化角度对水生植物净化黑臭河水的机理进行研究,探讨了河水的处理效果与植物生理状况的关联性,并对两者之间的内在联系进行了定量分析;（2）对植物根区微生物种群结构动态进行研究,探讨了植物的生理状况变化引起根区微生物生境的改变进而影响根区微生物种群结构的机理;（3）通过现场试验发现具有较高观赏价值的睡莲在黑臭河水中生长良好,生命期比梭鱼草长,且具有较好的除氮效果,在实践城区重污染河道的治理与生态修复工程中有较好的应用前景;（4）初步探讨了长期曝气对水生植物生理状况的影响,发现不同植物对曝气影响的耐受性不同,且这种耐受性与植物生长状况的季节性变化相关,此为在实践污染河道生态修复工程中,针对植物种类不同及植物生长状况的季节性变化而进行植物优化布局和曝气方式调节提供了理论依据;（5）综合净化槽中黑臭河水的处理效果、植物生理状况及植物根区微生物种群结构动态三方面的内在联系,为今后植物净化装置应用于污染河水的修复提供了的理论依据,具有较高的理论意义与应用价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the restoration and treatment of polluted city rivers, the biological and ecological treatment became more and more important. Particularly, the technique with aquatic plants was gradually used widely, owing to its good purifying efficiencies, special economic benefits, low energy consumption and simple operation. Further, the technique was helpful to restruct and restore the aquatic ecosystem. In this paper, purifying-tanks were constructed （with various planting densities, two aquatic plants of Pontederia cordata L. and Nymphaea tetragona were cultivated）. Engineering demonstration and the investigation on aquatic plants’ physiological characteristics during treatment for compound heavily polluted water were performed. Plants’ purifying efficiencies for polluted water, the synergy mechanism between plants and microbes in the treatment, the effect of the engineering demonstration of the treatment for polluted water with the situ combined biological technique, all those were analyzed. The mechanism of the biological purifying efficiencies of polluted water was studied. All above aimed to provide scientific basis for the technical design of the practical engineering, system integration and operation regulation.N. tetragona and P. cordata were hydroponic cultivated in 8 purifying-tanks with various planting densities （densities: k1/4=5, k1/2=10, k1/1=20; aeration and no aeration） to investigate diurnal variation of physiological characteristics of plants including peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） activities of roots tissues, soluble proteins （SP）, chlorophyll （Chl） contents of leaves and main physical and chemical characteristics of polluted water. Morphology, tillers, roots densities, biomass and nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） accumulations of plants were measured. Correlation between diurnal variation of physiological characteristics of plants and N and P removals of polluted water was analyzed, and effects of planting densities on physiological characteristics of the plants and purifying effects of polluted water were studied. Effects of long-term aeration on physiological characteristics of the plants and purifying efficiencies of the purifying-tanks during treatment for heavily polluted water were analyzed, physiological characteristics and N and P removals between two plants were comparatively analyzed. ERIC-PCR was used to analyze correlation between microbial communities on the plants roots, DO secretion from the plants and purifying efficiencies of the heavily polluted water. A tank without plant was for control （CK）. With engineering demonstration, purifying effects of the compound technique of artificial aeration, floating-beds and biological films were analyzed. Results showed POD and CAT activities of the roots tissues, Chla, Chb and SP contents of the leaves had positive correlations with NH₄⁺-N and soluble P removals of polluted water. In purifying-tanks with higher planting densities, the plants had longer roots, stems and leaves, more tillers, roots densities, biomass and N and P accumulation, higher Chla, Chb and SP contents of the leaves and NH₄⁺-N and soluble P removals of polluted water, while POD and CAT activities of the roots tissues declined. With stronger sunlight, POD and CAT activities of the roots tissues, Chla, Chb and SP contents of the leaves, NH₄⁺-N and soluble P removals of polluted water all increased. In summer, with effects of photosynthesis midday depression, SP contents of the leaves and DO concentrations of polluted water showed double-peak styles at about 12:00 pm and 14:00 pm, and the bottom between two peaks appeared about 13:00 pm. In 10:00 am-14:00 pm, CAT and POD activities of the roots tissues, Chla, Chlb and SP contents of the leaves, NH₄⁺-N and soluble P removals of polluted water all exceeded the other times at the day.Long-term aeration affected physiological characteristics of the plants and the purifying efficiencies of polluted water. Effects of artificial aeration on N. tetragona were heavier than P. cordata. Roots, stems and leaves lengths of the plants at the aeration were shorter than the no aeration, respectively. Chla, Chlb and SP contents of the leaves were lower than the no aeration. While POD and CAT activities of roots tissues at the aeration exceeded the no aeration. N and P accumulations of plants tissues were higher at the no aeration than the aeration. While plants biomass at the aeration were lower than the no aeration. For P. cordata, tillers and roots densities in aeration purifying-tanks were more than the no aeration, while they changed contrarily for N. tetragona For P. cordata, BOD₅, COD and NH₄⁺-N removals of polluted water at the aeration exceeded the no aeration by 5.97%,7.12%,6.29% in summer, whereas TP and soluble P removals were significantly lower by declining 38.18% and 43.79%. For N. tetragona, BOD₅, COD and NH₄⁺-N removals of polluted water at the aeration exceeded the no aeration in spring and summer, while TP and soluble P removals were significantly lower. But in autumn, BOD₅, COD, NH₄⁺-N, TP and soluble P removals of the effluents at the aeration were lower than the no aeration by decreasing 5.71%, 5.99%, 6.06%, 12.36%, 9.95%.P removals by P. cordata were better than N. tetragona, while N removals between two plants did not differ significantly. Effects of heavily polluted river water on N. tetragona were heavier than P. cordata. Living-term of N. tetragona was longer than P. cordata under the stress of heavily polluted water. POD activities of roots tissues, Chla and SP contents of leaves between two plants all differed significantly, while Chlb contents of leaves and CAT activities of roots tissues did not. POD and CAT activities of roots tissues of N. tetragona exceeded P. cordata by 0.0961 U/（g·min） and 1.4206 mg/（g·min） in spring, while Chla, Chlb and SP contents of leaves of P. cordata exceeded N. tetragona by 0.0010 mg/g,0.0231 mg/g and 24.91 mg/g. Roots lengths of N. tetragona were longer than P. cordata, while stems and leaves lengths were shorter, and tillers, roots densities, biomass and N and P accumulations were lower than P. cordata, respectively. TP and soluble P removals of the purifying-tanks were lower than tanks with P. cordata, while NH₄⁺-N removals did not differ significantly.Microbial communities on the plants roots, DO secretion from the plants and purifying effects of polluted river water were correlated. 10:00am-14:00pm, with stronger sunlight, the more O₂ secretion from the plants and the more microbial diversities on the plants roots resulted in the better purifying efficiencies. In the purifying-tanks with higher planting densities, the more sum O₂ secretion from the plants resulted in the higher DO concentrations of heavily polluted water, the more microbial diversities on the plants roots, which resulted in the better purifying efficiencies. With seasonal change of the plants’ growing （spring, initial growing stage; summer, fast growing stage, autumn, last growing stage）, the corresponding change of the O₂ secretion from the plants directed to the corresponding change of the microbial diversities on the plants roots and the purifying efficiencies of polluted water.Water qualities analysis of engineering demonstration showed, the compound technique of artificial aeration, floating-beds and biological films effectively treated polluted water. Artificial aeration affected the effects of TP and soluble P removals of polluted water.Innovation productions of this paper were as follow. （1） Physiological analysis of the mechanism of the treatment for polluted water with aquatic plants was conducted. Quantized analysis of the relationship between purifying efficiencies and physiological characteristics of plants was performed. （2） Microbial communities variation on the plants roots were analyzed. Variation of the environment for microbes resulted from the change of physiological characteristics of plants, which resulted in the variation of microbial communities on plants roots. （3） It was found that N. tetragona had good growth in heavily polluted water, and its living-term was longer than P. cordata, and its N removals were higher than P. cordata. So, N. tetragona had a good application prospect in the ecological restoration engineering of polluted city rivers. （4） Effects of long-term aeration on physiological characteristics of plants during treatment for heavily polluted water were analyzed, which indicated aeration tolerance varied with plant species and plant’s seasonal growth. This work provided theoretical evidence for optimizing plants allocation and regulating aeration technique in the ecological restoration engineering of polluted rivers. （5） Relationships between purifying efficiencies of polluted water, physiological characteristics of plants and microbial communities variation on plants roots were analyzed. It provided theoretical evidence for purifying-tanks’ future application for the restoration of polluted water. This work was of profound theoretical and practical significance.更多还原