【作者】 陈静；

【导师】 杨凯；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 日益严重的缺水问题导致的水危机已经成为我国社会经济发展的重要制约因素。节水型社会建设因此成为了资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设的重要内容和关键环节。我国南方地区属于丰水地区，水资源量虽然相对丰富，但水环境污染问题较为突出，成为“水质型缺水地区”。研究和探讨水质型缺水地区建设节水型社会的理论、方法和实践，以达到既符合区域社会经济、生态环境协调发展的战略决策，又充分体现区域水资源特点的目标，是一个重要意义的理论和实践问题。论文以“水质型缺水地区如何建设节水型社会”为主线，在分析水质型缺水地区节水型社会的内涵、特征和发展阶段的基础上，从产业用水、社会用水和水生态足迹三个水资源利用和节约用水层次，从节水型社会建设中的计划管理机制、市场引导机制和公众参与机制三个用水和节水主体激励机制方面，采用系统学、经济学和环境学等学科交叉视角，运用理论研究与实证分析相结合的方法，系统探讨和提出了水质型缺水地区节水型社会评价体系与激励机制，并以上海地区为例开展节水型社会建设的实证研究。论文主要内容和结果包括：(1)分析了水质型缺水地区节水型社会的基本内涵、特征、发展阶段。在分析比较国内外节水型社会论点论述的基础上，将水质型缺水地区节水型社会的基本内涵定义为：在多利益方共同参与下，建立健全的水资源管理体制，优化水资源配置，完善市场机制，形成政府调控、市场引导、公众参与的节水机制，实现社会生产方式和生活方式的根本变革，符合区域生态完整性，以达到资源、经济、社会、生态环境的协调发展。进而提出了水质型缺水地区节水型社会具有差异性、动态性、阈值性、针对性以及可控性等基本特征，并依据Logistic模型，将水质型缺水地区的节水型社会建设划分为强制发展阶段、自律式发展阶段和自觉发展阶段。(2)初步提出了水质型缺水地区节水型社会评价体系。从“产业用水和水生态足迹”的水资源利用和节约用水层次，分别构建了“基于产业用水协调的节水型社会评价系统”和“基于水生态足迹的节水型社会评价系统”：①提出促进可持续发展的目标原则、面向适应性管理的实施原则、多利益方共同参与的参与原则等评价原则以及可持续性、系统整体性、动态适应性以及多方参与性等节水管理原则。②设计基于资料收集与目标设定、系统分析与框架设计、现状调查和综合分析、管理对策和优化措施等4个环节的评价基本程序。③以水生态足迹为纽带，在影响因素分析的基础上，对节水型社会建设进行结构分析；给出评价指标体系、评价标准。并应用模糊综合指数模型确定其评价方法。④从目标集成和程序集成二维视角探讨节水型社会评价在节水管理中的应用。(3)从节水型社会建设中的计划管理机制、市场引导机制和公众参与机制三个用水和节水主体激励机制方面，相应初步构建了工业需水定额机制、水价机制和公众参与机制。①在分析工业用水现状问题的基础上，尝试性给出工业最小需水定额。②在分析目前水资源价格存在问题的基础上，初步构建了工业和生活水资源价格模型。③从公众参与操作层面对问卷调查中公众的范围、选取、调查问卷的形式和内容、调查结果的对策研究等方面进行初步探讨。(4)以作为水质型缺水地区的上海地区为实证区域，尝试性将本文构建的水质型缺水地区的节水型社会理论与方法为基础，开展节水型社会评价的应用研究论文以上海地区2005年节水情况为评价对象，尝试利用评价方法和基本程序，结合社会经济、生态环境资料及水资源、节水数据，对上海地区节水状况进行定量化评价。评估结果表明，上海地区产业用水系统基本有序，发展比较协调，其用水综合效益较大，但距离最优状态尚有潜力可挖；其中，农业用水子系统的发展较为欠缺，在未来用水规划中应予以重视；节水型社会综合水平处于初级阶段。其中，生态环境子系统与水资源子系统发展不协调，反映了该地区的水质型缺水问题；在分析未来年的预测指标值与国际先进性水平的差距的基础上，探讨影响各节水指标的主要驱动力因子，找出上海节水体制存在的问题。(5)从计划管理调控机制、市场引导机制和公众参与机制等方面构建的节水型社会建设激励机制，尝试给出上海地区节水型社会建设的相关方案：①论文以上海2004年纺织行业为例，应用论文构建的模型测算该行业需水定额。②以上海工业和生活用水为研究对象，采用水价模型进行计算，测算得上海地区工业水价和生活阶梯水价。并通过对工业和生活水价的情景分析，认为通过建立合理的工业和生活水价体系有利于进一步推行上海地区节水型社会的建设。③以上海地区节水型社区公众调查为例，结果显示居民家庭用水较为浪费，节水意识与相关措施有待加强。而强化供水管网监控管理、普及节水器具、研发废水资源化的措施、加大政策节水力度和加强宣传教育等是小区节水的有效措施。④基于上海地区节水型社会系统的重点分析和综合评价结果，设定上海地区水污染控制和节水管理对策主要包括：水体环境修复(如水质修复等)、污染控制管理、水资源节约管理和节水技术开发等部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water crisis due to the increasingly serious water pollution has become a major factor that constraints the development of society and economy of China. The building of water conservation society occupies the most improtant role in the implementation of sustainable development strategy and contributes much as well to the harmonious development of social economy and ecological environment, especially in the southern areas of China, known as the ’quality-induced water shortage’ areas, where the water is abundant but the water quality is very poor because of the deterioration of eco-environment.The thesis systematically studies on the assessment system and incentive mechanisms of water conservation society based on multi-disciplinary knowledge that includes the system science, the economics science and the environmental science. The results achieved in the paper will contribute much to the establishment of research system on the quality-induced water shortage society and promote the water resource sustainable utilization.Based on much internal and external literature related to the study on the water conservation society, the conceptualization and characterization as well as development stages the of water conservation society are illustrated and discussed. The assessment system for the water conservation society is put forward with respect to regional water-utility compatibility and water footprint. The basis of three water-saving angles, the water demand quota mechanism, the water price mechanism and the public participation mechanism are established using the component of incentive mechanisms. Taking Shanghai as the study case, the concept of water conservation society has been put into practice by using the theory and method of pollution induced water shortage areas, and the channels to construct the water conservation society are suggested. The achievements acquired in this paper mainly include the following aspects:(1) The concept about the water conservation society of pollution induced water shortage areas is put forward followed by the essence of water conservation society consistently admitted by the relevant studies internal and external. Through the multi-stakeholder participating in the process, the sensible water resources management system and market mechanism is established. Meanwhile, the water conservation mechanism is constituted, including: the government regulation, the market guidance and the public participation. As a result, the modes of social production and lifestyles are changed to promote the coordinated development of resources, economy, society and environment. The basic characteristics of "water conservation society", including the diversity, the dynamicity, the threshold, the pertinence and the controllability, are discussed based on the characteristics of water resources system and the regional investigation. In addition, the development stages of water conservation society is studied by using the logistic model.(2) The assessment method of regional water use for industry is established using the systematology harmony theory. With respect to the water footprint available, the evaluation system is established for the assessment of water conservation society in the pollution induced water shortage areas. The principles of assessment are suggested including the ones oriented to the promotion of sustainable development, the adaptability of management and the multi-stakeholder participation; and the management principles, including the sustainability, the system integration, the dynamic adaptability and the stakeholder involvement, are demonstrated. The four-stage assessment procedure is construted, which consists of the data collection and goal-setting stage, the prliminary investiagion and investigation and framework design stage, the detailed investigation and comprehesive analysis stage as well as the adaptive management stage. Meanwhile, the water conservation society is analysed base on the influential factors; the indicator system and the assessment methods are put forward; the development of water conservation society assessment in water resoures management is discussed.(3) The mechanism of the water price system and the water quota as well as the public participation are discussed. The water price model and quota model for industry and living are established according to the questions about the water price and the amount of water use. Meanwhile, some key problems related to the investigation, including the range and choice of public, the form and function of questionnaires as well as the analysis on the results public survey, are preliminarily discussed.(4) Taking Shanghai area as an example, the assessment methods for the pollution induced water shortage areas put forward in this paper are managed to be applied to the assessment of water conservation level in the year 2005 according to the socio-economic conditions, the ecological environment and water saving data issued in public by the local government (Shanghai). The results show that the coordination degree of industry water use system in Shanghai is fairly good. Whereas, there still be some space for promoting the water use system in Shanghai area. It is suggested that more attention should be paid on the agriculture water use system in the future programming of water use system in Shanghai. Moreover, the forecasting indicators of the water conservation level in Shanghai are analysed and compared with that of the advanced level in the world. The results manifest the comprehensive level of water conservation in Shanghai is still lower than that in the developed countries. Through making an analysis of this gap, the problems of water-saving system in Shanghai are found.(5) The incentive mechanism of water-conservation society system is constructed in this paper from different sides.①Taking the textile industry of Shanghai in year 2004 as a case study, the water quota calculation method for the production is calculated.②The water price model is used to estimate the water price for industry and living, respectively, in Shanghai. The implementation of price for industry water and living water will partly contribute to the establishment of water-saving society in Shanghai.③The questionnaire survey of water consumption and water saving in typical Shanghai residential areas shows that the consciousness of water conservation should be strengthened among people, and more related measures are to be made to decrease the waste of household water use. The effective measures taken to save the living water mainly include: improving the management of water supply system, popularizing the water saving utensils for living; developing recovering resource technology from wastewater, strengthening the residential water-saving consciousness through intensive propaganda.④The water conservation management and corresponding measures, mainly concerned about the restoration of water environment, pollution control and the development of water-saving technology, are dicussed in detail based on the comprehesive assessment of water conservation society in Shanghai.更多还原