【作者】 董美英；

【导师】 金林祥；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 教育机会均等是本论文的逻辑起点和终点，并以此为研究视角来探讨社会各阶层对高等教育入学机会的占有状况。本论文基于一手的档案资料和问卷调查资料，从高等教育招生政策和高校入学机会互动的角度对高等教育入学机会均等状况进行历史研究，在研究方法上，运用量化研究、质性访谈及量的研究和质的研究相结合的方法，来探寻各个不同历史阶段各个社会阶层对高等教育入学机会占有的历史近真状况，通过教育学、社会学和历史学等多学科的视域融合来探讨建国以来高等教育入学机会均等问题。在研究中，借鉴了布尔迪厄等人提出的文化资本、社会资本理论，用文化资本、权力资本、经济资本理论来阐释各个不同历史阶段高等教育入学机会不均等的原因。通过对建国后上海某重点大学学生来源状况的的历史考察，主要有如下研究发现：1．各社会阶层高校入学机会随着高等教育招生政策的变化而变动。高等教育入学机会均等问题，在中国，具有强政治干预色彩，在不同的历史时期，在不同的社会价值取向下，通过不同的招生政策在各个社会阶层中分配高等教育入学机会。重点大学作为最优质的高等教育资源，一直是各阶层激烈争夺的对象，招生政策的变动对各阶层入学机会的影响非常大，其基本状况是：建国后十七年向工农开门的招生政策下，工农子女进入重点大学的机会增加，许多剥削阶级子女因为家庭成分被屏蔽在大学校门之外；“文革”时期群众推荐、领导批准、学校复审相结合的招生制度下，是工农兵学员的特殊时代；1977年恢复高考后，分数面前人人平等的招生政策下，知识分子阶层的优势开始凸显，处于文化劣势的农民子女入学机会减少；1990年代中期以来，学业成绩考查兼谁受益谁付费的招生政策下，私营企业主阶层的优势显现出来，干部、知识分子、私营企业主社会强势阶层子女占有较多的高等教育入学机会，文化、经济俱为劣势的农民子女更多地被阻挡在重点大学门外，工人子女进入重点大学的比例也在下降。2．在社会各阶层中，在各个历史时期，干部子女进入重点大学的机会一直是最多的，农民子女进入重点大学的机会一直是较少的。3．重点高校的学生来源状况存在城乡、性别差异。城市学生较农村学生有更多的机会进入重点高校。在重点高校中，女性少于男性，城市女性较农村女性进入重点高校的机会多。此外，重点高校中学生父母文化程度较社会一般群体高得多，且重点高校学生绝大多数毕业于重点中学。4．高等教育入学机会存在着专业区隔。干部、知识分子、私营企业主等强势阶层子女几乎对热门专业形成了垄断之势，农民和城市无业、失业、半失业者在热门专业中所占比例最少。冷热专业的学生来源状况和父母文化程度、学生原居住地、户籍状况也存在着相关性。父母文化程度越高，其子女进入热门专业的比例越高，反之，其子女进入冷门专业的比例越大。学生考大学时的居住地行政级别越高进入热门专业的比例越高，相反进入冷门专业的比例越高。城镇户籍的学生分布在热门专业的多于农村户籍的学生，农村户籍的学生更多地进入冷门专业。5．从整个建国后长时段的状况来看，随着社会的发展，教育的普及，社会各阶层进入重点大学的差距在缩小，两性进入重点高校的差距也在缩小。6．从资本理论来看，建国后十七年，拥有权力资本的干部阶层子女在重点大学入学机会占有上具有绝对的优势；“文革”期间实行推荐上大学的政策，权力资本对重点大学入学机会的占有依然发挥了重大作用；恢复高考后，权力资本和文化资本在重点大学入学机会竞争中优势凸显；1990年代中期以来，权力资本、文化资本、经济资本共同加入到对重点大学入学机会争夺中。高等教育入学机会均等问题是一个历史的命题，也是一个现实的话题，如何增加社会弱势群体的高等教育入学机会问题，是一个急迫的社会问题和教育问题。通过高等教育招生政策的去城市化、去本地化，基础教育的整体发展、适度补偿，消除高等教育招生中的腐败现象，以及完善高等教育学费制度等措施，来消解文化资本、经济资本、权力资本对弱势群体子女在高等教育入学机会竞争中的不利影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 With Equality of Educational Opportunity as the logic starting and ending points,this thesis will explore the domination of opportunity for higher education in variousclasses.This paper,based on first-hand files and questionnaires,carries through ahistorical research on equal opportunities for higher education enrollment status fromcolleges and universities of higher education admissions policies and accessinteractive perspective.On research methods,the thesis will use the combination of quantitativeresearch,qualitative research on interviews and integration of qualitative research andquantitative research,so as to obtain facts that people from various classes havedifferent opportunities for higher education at different periods.Through multidisciplinary integration including sociology,history,education andothers,this thesis explore the problems of equal opportunities for higher educationenrollment status after the founding of PRC.And the thesis amends the theoryproposed by Bourdieu about cultural capital and social capital,and explain thosereasons for the unequal opportunities for higher education at different periods byintroducing the cultural capital,the power of capital,and economic capital.Based onthe expedition of the students’ source in a key university in Shanghai after thefounding of PRC,there are some discoveries as follows:1.Opportunities for higher education for people from different classes vary withadmission policies.Equalization of Opportunities for higher education in China hasconfronted with strong political interference.At different periods and with differentsocial values,opportunities for higher education have been allocated in variousclasses by carrying out different admission policies.Key universities known as thebest resources of higher education have attracted people from all walks of life,whoseopportunities for admission will be affected greatly by admission policies.The basicstatus as the following:According to different policies,people from various classes have differentopportunities to enter key universities.Seventeen years after the founding of PRC,children of workers and farmers had more opportunities to enter universities;however, society and the popularization of education,there has been less disparity for peoplefrom various classes to enter key universities,so as females and males.6.Judging from the social capital theory,seventeen years after the founding ofPRC,children of cadres who control the power have absolute advantages to enter keyuniversities.During“Cultural Revolution”,recommended admission to universitieswas the main policy.However,power of capital still played an important role inopportunities for admissions to key universities.After the resumption of CollegeEntrance Examination,capitals of power and culture highlighted their advantages inthe competition for admissions.Since the mid-1990s,the powers of capital,culturalcapital,and economic capital have added to the common focus of the opportunity tocompete for university entrance.The Equality of Opportunity for key universities is a historical problem and arealistic topic as well.How to increase the opportunities of socially disadvantagedfarmers’ children for major universities is an essential social and educational problem.Some measures have to be done such as eliminating limitation of urbanization orlocalization in higher education,developing overall and compensating properly thebasic education,and wiping out corruption in higher education enrollment,as well asimproving the system of tuition fees,in order to remove the adverse effects on thecompetition for higher education when cultural capital,economic capital,and thecapital of power have affected greatly children of disadvantaged groups.更多还原