【作者】 刘元春；

【导师】 臧克和；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 字样学是中国文字学重要的分支之一,唐代是字样学最为发达、成绩斐然的时期,狭义的字样学概念即指隋唐兴起的釐正楷书形体笔画的正讹而拟订用字标准的学术,本文研究对象亦以唐代三部字样学著作——颜元孙《干禄字书》、张参《五经文字》及唐玄度《新加九经字样》为主,在量化调查、字样学理及楷字发展理论探讨、中古楷字形体流变梳理及与《说文解字》(以下简称《说文》)、《篆隶万象名义》(以下简称《名义》)等字书的对比分析等方面,针对已有研究中的疏误和不足,以及研究空白,进行力所能及的探讨。与以往研究中较为平面的做法相比,本文最大的突破,即在于基于数据库的全面测查以及与丰富的社会实物用字资料对比分析。这也是前人时贤尚不具备的条件之一,同时也是历来研究者关注不多、用功不勤的独特视角。“绪论”包括五部分:“字样学”之名、选题缘起、研究综述、文献版本以及研究目标、方法。正文主体围绕三个部分展开:量化研究;《干禄字书》研究;《五经文字》、《新加九经字样》研究。量化研究即第二章“基本属性测查”。本章主要从字量统计、收字来源和范围以及注文属性测查等三个方面,以最接近原本的碑刻为底本,借助计算机智能分析优势,对以往研究成果中,因调查者择取底本的不同、统计方法和手段的相异,而导致的数据分析混乱不清、具体量化无法深入的局面,进行了更为准确和深入的量化调查。定量统计是为了定性分析,从具体的数据统计中,我们得出了相关重要结论及若干有价值的倾向性意见。如:《五经文字》成于众人之手,其界定讹误形体的标准是看有无经典可依,且带有较强的复古色彩;正字音亦是字样学著作规范楷字的重要内容;儿部“(?)”字引《诗经》反映出当时存在多个《诗经》版本,这就为文献学、《诗经》学提供了重要的参考资料,不一而足。《干禄字书》研究部分包括第三、四章。第三章“字样学理与楷化因素”实以第四章“字例疏证”为基础。“字例疏证”从大量汉代隶书石刻资料、魏晋至唐代楷书实物资料出发,分级、分层、分体,探析《干禄字书》所收俗、通、正字体的来源。本章主要取五组规范构件:刀(刃)-力;艹-(?)、(?)、:丿-丶;氵-冫;厶-口(囗),统摄86组字例,将各组字例字形与历代社会实物资料用例结合起来,梳理所规范楷字的形体来源及流变,总结传承与变异过程中的楷化因素及发展机理。第三章分为“字级与字形”、“类推与类化”、“时代性与区别性”三节。“字级与字形”以分类量化为基础,重新界定了俗、通、正三类字级,对陈陈相因之旧说进行了修订。同时,对于俗、通字级分类界限的模糊性,亦进行了说明。字级之下的字形择取,我们总结出“折衷取形”的最优化原则,即以能集中显示该字级的形体特征或义理的字形为首要考虑因素,选取最具典型性的形体。“类推与类化”一节则是针对字样学著作正字方式一类推与《干禄字书》正字内容一辨别易混字,而展开的探讨。第三节“时代性与区别性”,以《名义》为坐标,将《干禄字书》贮存字形与《名义》传抄字形进行对比分析,反映出楷化过程带有过渡性时代特征。同时,其区别性差异,又集中体现了六朝楷化变异过程中区别性的丧失与重建,这一过程也是楷字优化选择原则即记号区别性的实现过程。《五经文字》、《新加九经字样》研究为论文第三部分,该部分重心以传承《说文》研究为主,包括第五、六章。第五章从部首沿革、二同字及楷化篆字三部分展开专题研究。“部首沿革”针对《五经文字》分部立目对《说文》部首的传承和更革,首先进行归类,其次总结相关特点,对《五经文字》首创的检字法原则分部、编排方式变《说文》“据形系联”为“以类相从”、创设附部等内容,进行了深入探讨。“二同字”指《五经文字》所确立的并正字,其实质即字样学所认同的一种异体关系,这就成为我们探讨唐代字样学正字理念及异体关系标准的重要资料。本节上溯至《说文》对比分析,将“二同字”离析为四类,同时通过与《新加九经字样》和宋本《玉篇》的对比分析,对“二同字”的性质进行了重新界定。“楷化篆字”,其实质即指有意以楷书笔画转写小篆线条而形成的字体。二书共出现320个《说文》小篆字形楷写形体,其楷化方式主要分为三类:偏旁代替;整字摹勒;保留构件的区别性特征。同时,对其反映的正字理念及汉字发展演变规律亦进行了揭示。第六章从二书征引唐本《说文》入手,对宋代大徐本《说文》进行了校订,共有三节。第一节利用字样学著作贮存楷化篆字,对34个宋本《说文》小篆讹误字形进行了校订,依次为:(?)。第二、三节从《五经文字》中辑出63条、《新加九经字样》51条引《说文》释文,对今本《说文》相关释文进行了重新校订。拟分为八类,即:大徐本《说文》衍文、夺文;字形传抄讹误;字形结构分析不当;句读不当;义项整合失误及义项遗漏;未收字;《说文新附》误增字头:更改释义,致使后人臆解文意有误。所得结论对还原《说文》原本具有极大的参考价值。附录“字样学研究论著简述”为笔者所能搜集到的有关字样学的研究成果,加以提要而成,以资进一步研究之用。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Zi Yang Xue" is a major branch of Chinese philology.It’s most developed and gloried in Tang Dynasty.The strict meaning of "Zi Yang Xue" is correcting the wrong figures and strokes of regular script and drawing up the criterion of dictions,and this discipline sprouted in Sui and Tang dynasties.The objects of study are mainly the three works on "Zi Yang Xue" in Tang Dynasty--Gan Lu Zi Shu by Yan Yuansun, Wu Jing Wen Zi by Zhang Can and Xin Jia Jiu Jing Zi Yang by Tang Xuandu. Concerning quantification studies,theories of "Zi Yang Xue" and the rationalization of the development theories of "Kai Zi" in Chinese ancient times,and a contrastive analysis of Shuo Wen and Zhuan and Li Wanxiang Mingyi(Ming Yi as the short form), etc,the paper provides a research on the problems in existing studies.The introduction consists of five parts:meaning of "Zi Yang Xue",origin of the thesis,and summarization of studies,the edition of documents,objectives and methods of studies.Chapter Two,"an investigation of basic properties",is about quantification studies.There are three segments:quantities of characters,origin and range of characters,and investigation of text properties.We take the editions close to the origins and take advantage of intelligence analysis on PC to get accurate and correct data and thus break the deadlock in the relative researches in the past.Quantification study is for the purpose of qualitative analysis.Form the statistics,we have drawn important conclusions,as well as some valuable and preferable ideas,for instance,Wu Jing Wen Zi was compiled by many scholars,and the criterion of defining the errors in form and structure is to see whether they have classics to comply with,regulating the pronunciation is another important aspect of standardization in works on "Zi Yang Xue"."(?)" In "几部" citing The Book of Odes reflects that there were several other editions of The Book of Odes,which provides important reference materials for the studies of documents and The Book of Odes,etc.Chapter three,"theories of ’Zi Yang Xue’ and factors of ’Kai Hua’",is made up of three sessions:the category of characters and the figure,the analogy and apperception,and the factors related with the times and differentiation.In "the classification of characters",the meaning of "俗" "通" "正" is redefined,the cliches are emended with a further explanation to the vagueness of the classification of characters "俗" and "通".We also give the optimization discipline of "trade-off" on how to pick up figures,that is,the most typical forms are primarily chosen to show the characteristics and principles of a certain category of characters."Analogy and apperception" is mainly about the way of standardization in works on "Zi Yang Xue" and the contents of standardization in distinguishing the most likely mistaken characters in Gan Lu Zi Shu.Section three,the factors related with the times and differentiation,using Ming Yi as coordinates,makes a contrastive analysis of the figures in Gan Lu Zi Shu and those copied by writing in Ming Yi,which reflects the factors related with the times and differentiation during the process of "Kai Hua".Chapter four,"Annotation of Characters",is a study of the origin and evolution of characters in Gan Lu Zi Shu conducted on the basis of a large amount of stone scriptures from Han Dynasty and of the scriptures in regular script from Wei and Jin Dynasties to Tang Dynasty.Five groups of standard components are studied in this chapter:刀(刃) -力;艹-(?)、(?)、;丿-丶;氵-冫;厶-口(囗),which consists of 86 groups of examples.Chapter Five and Six are the study of Wu Jing Wen Zi,Jiu Jing Zi Yang citing Shuo Wen.Chapter Five consists of three sections:Section one is about the classification of the evolution of indexing components, its features,and a thorough study of the principle of "Jian Zi Fa",the rearrangement of "据形系联" in Shuo Wen to "以类相从" in Wu Jing Wen Zi,and affiliated indexing components,which is original in Wu Jing Wen Zi."Er Tong Zi"refers to the Bing Zheng zi established in Wu Jing Wen Zi,the essence of which is what "Zi Yang Xue" considered as different varieties.Compared with Shuo Wen,"Er Tong Zi" is divided into four categories.Simultaneously,Wu Jing Wen Zi is compared with Jiu Jing Zi Yang and Yu Pian in Song Dynasty,the nature of Er Tong Zi is redefined."Kai Hua Zhuan Zi" refers to those characters made by the application of the strokes of clerical script to the lines of small seal script.320 "Kai Hua Zhuan Zi" are found in Wu Jing Wen Zi and Jiu Jing Zi Yang.The formation of them is mainly in the following three ways:the replacement of components in regular script of those in small seal script,drawing the outline of characters in small seal script,retaining the distinguishing features of the components.At the same time,the theories of regulating the characters and the law of the evolution of Chinese characters are pointed out.Chapter Six consists of there sections.Shuo Wen of Song Version is emended by an analysis of the two books citing Shuo Wen of Tang version.Section one,30 of the errors in form and structure in Shuo Wen of Song Version are emended.They are:(?) .Section two and three emended Shuo Wen of Song Version by choosing 66 and 51 items of citations from Shuo Wen in Wu Jing Wen Zi and Jiu Jing Zi Yang respectively.The emended citations are classified into 8 categories.All the conclusions from the emendations are of vital importance to reproduce the original version of Shuo Wen.The appendix,"An Introduction to Research Works on "Zi Yang Xue’",is the research findings related with "Zi Yang Xue" the author could find,which are summarized for further studies.更多还原