【作者】 金世胜；

【导师】 汪宇明；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 1933年召开的国际建筑协会第四次会议上发表的《雅典宪章》指出：居住、工作、游憩和交通是城市的四项基本职能。城市规划与实践应处理好这四者之间的功能关系，在区域规划基础上，按居住、工作、游憩进行分区及平衡后，建立三者联系的交通网。城市职能的有效实现是需要合理的城市空间结构作为载体，而作为城市职能的载体与实现形式的城市空间结构一直是国内外城市地理学、城市规划学的研究热点之一。随着社会经济的发展和人们文化素质的提高，选择游憩作为一种生活情趣已成为比较普遍的行为方式，游憩空间——人们感受文明、融于自然、理解文化、陶冶性情的一种综合性的文化生境，其结构和演变规律的研究就显得极为重要和急迫，已成为一种社会需要，同时也是政府制定政策的重要参考依据。大都市区的形成和发展是现代城市化进程中的一个重要特征，也是21世纪世界城市化发展的主导趋势。作为城市基本功能之一的游憩，如何在大都市区空间结构中得以实现是城市健康、可持续发展的必要条件，探究大都市区公共游憩空间建构历程、功能特征、发展趋势等内容已经成为学界日益关注的问题，正成为旅游地理学、城市规划学等学科的重要研究命题。本文对大都市区公共游憩空间进行初步系统分析与研究，研究内容包括以下几部分：第—章序论部分首先从学科建设、城市规划实践及大都市区发展的实际需要等方面阐述了公共游憩空间研究的意义，其次明确了研究目的、确定研究方法和技术路线，最后界定了主要研究内容及解决的关键问题。第二章从对游憩、休闲、闲暇与旅游，城市空间结构、城市开放空间和城市公共空间等几组概念辨析入手，提出了城市公共游憩空间的概念；对国内外城市公共游憩空间有关文献进行比较研究，发现国内外研究均是按游憩需求分析——特定游憩空间研究——城市游憩空间结构研究——城市游憩空间的类型及概念分析这样一条主线进行逐步深入研究，但总体来看还未形成完整的理论体系，而且以大都市区为研究对象的文献很少见。城市公共游憩空间的思想渊源具有悠久的历史，本文第三章首先追溯中国深邃、睿智的城市游憩空间思想，指出成书于春秋战国之际的《周礼·考工记》中尊崇的礼制规范对中国古代城市公共游憩空间影响深远，城市游憩空间结构中多体现儒家、道家的“天人合一”观念，儒家偏重于自然的人化与道家钟情于人化的自然，两者对城市游憩空间的建设产生持久的影响。同时，通过研究分析表明，西方古代博大而经典的城市游憩空间思想或多或少地体现在城市特定的游憩空间结构中，而西方城市规划中的理想主义、功能主义、人本主义、新都市主义等理论不仅直接影响了当时城市建设，而且对我们当代城市游憩空间规划与建设有很大的指导和启发意义。第四章从物质空间的角度界定了大都市区公共游憩空间概念，总结出大都市区公共游憩空间具有场所的可进入性、对象的市民性、功能的复合性、类型的多样性、文化的象征性、活动的人本性和行为的他律性等属性。在对国内几种典型方案的分析的基础上，针对大都市区发展的实际情况，参考有关标准和规范，从城市用地性质出发，尝试提出9大类、28中类和50小类的分类方案，并结合实际对几种典型的游憩空间结构和指标进行深入分析。第五章首先对中国城市公共游憩空间历史演进进行了系统梳理，发现中国古代城市由里坊制到街巷制的演变，是城市公共游憩空间形成的最直接的原因；而近代西方殖民者的侵入也带来了新的游憩方式，城市空间结构发生极大的改变，产生了大量的新型游憩空间；在计划经济时代，我国城市公共游憩空间具有明显的政治性；改革开放以来，城市公共游憩空间则向多元化、商业化方向发展。西方城市公共游憩空间的历史演进表明，其公共游憩空间类型丰富，具有明显的“市民性”，广场、公共浴池、教堂、公园等空间的营造一直延续到当代。总体来说，中国传统的城市游憩空间是以街巷为代表的线性空间，而西方城市则是以广场为代表的面状空间为主。第六章、第七章以上海为案例，研究范围是随着上海城市化的进程而不断扩大，由明代上海的老县城，到近代的半殖民地半封建城市，再到当代上海大都市区，分为传统江南水乡城市游憩空间、中西双重体系下的城市游憩空间、“生产性”特色的城市游憩空间和中西合壁的海派公共游憩空间等四种典型特征的历史时段，从城市空间结构特征、公共游憩空间类型及特征等方面进行系统分析，揭示了上海公共游憩空间的历史变化格局。同时，运用GIS空间分析方法对当代上海大都市区公共游憩空间作了初步解构，数据分析表明，公共游憩空间的规模和质量有显著提升，中心城区、通勤区、郊区的公共游憩空间类型有一些差异。但还是处在单核为中心的发展阶段，绝大部分分布在中心城区，向通勤区、郊区扩散的强度不大，不能适应上海大都市区人口及产业等空间重构的实际状况。最后一章，从全球化的角度，结合上海城市现状和城市总体规划，提出了公共游憩空间有必要根据中心城区、通勤区、郊区的人口、产业、城市功能进行重构，并给出重构的初步建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Athens Charter,the result of the fourth meeting ofCIAM (Congr(?)s Internationald’Architecture Moderne) in 1933,pointed out the four basic functions of cities that areworking,living,recreation and transportation.The relationship of four functions aboveshould be well managed in balancing and zoning the function of living,working andrecreation on the basic of regional planning to build interzonal transport network.Thepremise of an efficient functional city is rational urban spatial structure and itsimplementation form and these have been the subject of much recent research.With socioeconomic and humanities development leisure and recreation have been aprevalent behavior pattern and a part of life.Meanwhile leisure space has become acomplex cultural environment where people can experience culture,feel close to natureand cultivate himself/herself in disposition.Owing to social demands,research into leisurespace structure and its principle of evolution is both important and urgent in order to guideGovernment Policy.The formation and development of metropolitan areas is an important feature ofmodern city evolution and the main trend of world urbanization in the 21 st century.As oneof the basic functions of a city,The research subjects such as how to implement healthy and sustainabledevelopment in metropolitan city structure and the forming process,functional charactersand development trends of recreation space in it have win more and more attention fiomthe tourism geography and urban planning fields.This paper focuses on system analysis of metropolitan public recreational space andincludes the following sections:In the first chapter,the author formulates a definition of metropolitan publicrecreational space fiom several perspectives including the disciplines of urban planning,urban construction and metropolitan area development.After that,the paper presents theresearch process including the purpose,methods and techniques.Lastly,the authorclarifies the study content and highlights the key issues.The second chapter,after a brief discussion of two groups of concepts involvingrecreation and tourism.urban space structure,open space and public space,raises theconcept of urban public recreational spaces.A comparative study o frelated literature fromboth international and local sources found that the major research themes are based ondemand analysis,specific recreational space studies,urban recreational space structureresearch and urban recreational space structure categorization and concept interpretation.Research into the complete theoretical system for the metropolitan area,however,is stillrare.The third chapter traces back to eastern and western ideological origins of urbanpublic recreational space.The author traces Chinese philosophical thoughts and points out that the rites mentioned in Rites of the Zhou Kao Gong Ji of Spring and Autumn Periodhas had a tremendous influence on Chinese ancient city public recreational space.Confucian and Taoist beliefs both advocate“harmony between the heaven and human”,although from different perspectives.Confucianism puts further emphasis on the humandevelopment ofa meaningful world,while Taoism emphasizes the spontaneous unfoldingof the natural world.Both have had a lasting impact on city recreational space.Meanwhile,the western ancient classic thoughts have been applied to urban recreational spacestructure more or less.The western urban planning theories such as idealism,functionalism,humanism,and new urbanism have not only directly affected cityconstruction at that time,but also provided guidance and enlightenment to ourcontemporary urban recreational space phnning and construction.The fourth chapter presents the concept of a definition of metropolitan publicrecreational space from the perspective of physical space.Based on urban land-useproperties,metropolitan public recreational spaces have attributes of accessibility,civicnature,complex functions,diversity,symbolism,humanism and exclusiveness.Under thesystem analysis to national typical case study,the development reality of metropolitan areaand related norm and regulations,the text highlights a classification system consisting of 9categories,28 large suborders and 50 small suborders and investigates several typicalrecreational space structures and indicators.The fifth chapter reviews Chinese urban public recreational space evolution firstlyand finds that the key influencing factor was the evolution from the Lifang system toJiexiang system.Some new recreational patterns entered Shanghai in modern times withthe colonial intrusion.The major change of city space structure was the emergence of alarge number and new pattern of recreational spaces.During the planned economy period,Chinese urban public recreational space had a strong political orientation while,sincereform and opening up in 1978,has developed in the direction of diversification andcommercialization.In the second part of this chapter the paper discusses the western urbanpublic recreational space evolution which has abundant types and a strong“public”nature.The public spaces associated with buildings like squares,public bathhouses,churches,parks and so on have been retained until modern times.In general,Chinese traditionalurban recreational space is linear in shape,represented by the street and lane whilewestern cities tend to have more square shaped spaces.The sixth chapter and the seventh chapter focus on a case study of Shanghai.Theresearch follows the historical process of Shanghai’s urbanization.From the old townduring the Ming dynasty,then semi-feudal and semi-colonial city in more modern times,to the contemporary metropolis,Shanghai’s history has had four typical developmentstages of urban recreational space.These stages are:traditional urban recreational spacewith Jiangnan water village characteristics;a dual system of Chinese and Western urbanrecreational space;urban recreational space with“productive”characteristics;and aShanghai style public recreational space combining the cultures of Chinese and foreigncivilization.Through system analysis of urban spatial structure characteristics,categories of public recreational space and attributes,the paper aims to reveal Shanghai’s publicrecreational historical spatial change patterns.The research undertakes preliminarydeconstruction of Shanghai public recreational space with the GIS technique.The dataanalysis shows the significant enlargement of scale and improvement in quality and somedifferences in public recreational space categories within the downtown area,commuterarea and outskirts.Shanghai public recreational space is still at the sole-core developmentstage.The majority is distributed in the downtown area and the dispersion trend tocommuter area and outskirts is not obvious.This means that the development reality is notable to suit the metropolitan space reconstruction ofpopuhtion and industries in Shanghai.Inthe last chapter the author suggests that it is uecessary to develop public recreationspace which corresponds with the population,industries and city functions within thedowntown area,commuter area and outskirts.Finally,preliminary recommendations areprovided.更多还原